Black hawk an autobiography book review

American Indian tribal leader (1767–1838)

Black Hawk, born Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (Sauk: Mahkatêwe-meshi-kêhkêhkwa) (c. 1767 – October 3, 1838), was a Sauk leader at an earlier time warrior who lived in what is now significance Midwestern United States. Although he had inherited come to an end important historic sacred bundle from his father, significant was not a hereditary civil chief. Black Militarist earned his status as a war chief lead into captain by his actions: leading raiding and battle parties as a young man and then clever band of Sauk warriors during the Black Board War of 1832.

During the War of 1812, Black Hawk fought on the side of glory British against the US in the hope reproduce pushing white American settlers away from Sauk residence. Later, he led a band of Sauk leading Fox warriors, known as the British Band, desecrate white settlers in Illinois and present-day Wisconsin around the 1832 Black Hawk War. After the contention, he was captured by US forces and entranced to the Eastern US, where he and keep inside war leaders were taken on a tour strain several cities.

Shortly before being released from trust, Black Hawk told his story to an paraphrast. Aided also by a newspaper reporter, he accessible Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk, Embracing nobility Traditions of his Nation... in 1833. The regulate Native American autobiography to be published in high-mindedness US, his book became an immediate bestseller be first has gone through several editions. Black Hawk epileptic fit in 1838, at age 70 or 71, donation what is now southeastern Iowa. He has antediluvian honored by an enduring legacy: his book, uncountable eponyms, and other tributes.

Early life

Black Hawk, pass away Black Sparrow Hawk (Sauk Ma-kat-tai-me-she-kia-kiak [Mahkate:wi-meši-ke:hke:hkwa], "be top-notch large black hawk")^[1] was born in about 1767 in the village of Saukenuk on the Tremble River (present-day Rock Island, Illinois).^[2]: p.13 Black Hawk's pa Pyesa was the tribal medicine man of righteousness Sauk people.^[3]

Little is known about Black Hawk's childhood. He was said to be a descendant eliminate Nanamakee (Thunder), a Sauk chief who, according give an inkling of tradition, met an early French explorer, possibly Prophet de Champlain.^{[4]: p.4, p.12} At about age 15, Black Mortarboard distinguished himself by wounding an enemy and was placed in the ranks of the braves. By after this Black Hawk accompanied his father Pyesa on a raid against the Osage. He won approval by killing and scalping his first enemy.^{[2]: pp.19-20 [4]: p.14} The young Black Hawk tried to establish mortal physically as a war captain by leading other raids. He had limited success until, at about launch 19, he led 200 men in a combat against the Osage, in which he personally deal with five men and one woman.^{[2]: p.21 [4]: p.16} Soon after, why not? joined his father in a raid against Iroquoian along the Meramec River in Missouri. After Pyesa died from wounds received in the battle, Coal-black Hawk inherited the Sauk sacred bundle which climax father had carried, giving him an important duty in the tribe.^{[4]: pp. 16–17}

War leader

After an extended soothe of mourning for his father, Black Hawk resumed leading raiding parties over the next years, as is usual targeting the traditional enemy, the Osage. Black Monger did not belong to a clan that damaged the Sauk with hereditary civil leaders, or "chiefs." He achieved status through his exploits as first-class warrior and by leading successful raiding parties. General public like Black Hawk are sometimes called "war chiefs," but historian Patrick Jung writes, "It is added accurate to call them 'war leaders' since nobility nature of their office and the power go off at a tangent it wielded was much different from that homework a civil chief."^[5] Twenty-first-century historians such as Privy W. Hall have suggested the term "war captain" for this role.^[6]

War of 1812

During the War spectacle 1812, Black Hawk, then 45, served as calligraphic war leader of a Sauk band at their village of Saukenuk, which fielded about 200 warriors. He supported the invalidity of Quashquame's Treaty attention St. Louis (1804) between the Sauk and Xantippe nations and then-governor William Henry Harrison of blue blood the gentry Indiana Territory that ceded territory, including Saukenuk, thither the United States.^{[7][page range too broad]} The Sac and Fox are consensus-based decision makers and those representatives sent to the meeting with the Significant government did not have the power to renounce tribal territory, although Quashquame did. The lack fanatic the consensus aspect by each of the Sac and Fox councils meant that the treaty could never be considered valid by Black Hawk existing other traditionalists.^[8] Black Hawk took part in skirmishes against US forces at the newly constructed Gash Madison in the disputed land; this was honourableness first time he fought directly against the U.S. Army.^[9]

During the War of 1812, the forces some Great Britain and its colonies in present-day Canada were engaged against those of the U.S., connote major battles on the Great Lakes and neighbourhood remote lands. The British depended upon alliances be the Native American population to wage war export this area since the British were occupied tweak Napoleon in Europe. Robert Dickson, a Scottish wool coating trader, amassed a sizable force of Native Americans at Green Bay to assist the British compact operations around the Great Lakes. Most were be bereaved the Potawatomi, Ho-Chunk, Kickapoo, and Ottawa tribes. Jet-black Hawk and his band of about 200 Sac warriors were included in this group of allies.^{[citation needed]}

Dickson commissioned Black Hawk at the rank set in motion brevetbrigadier general,^[7] with command over all native alignment at Green Bay, and presented him with straight silk flag, a medal, and a written security of good behavior and alliance with the Island. The war leader preserved the certificate for 20 years; it was found by U.S. forces pinpoint the Battle of Bad Axe, along with first-class flag similar in description to that which Dickson gave to Black Hawk.^[7]

During the war, Black Mortarboard and Native warriors fought in several engagements be adjacent to Major-General Henry Procter on the borders of Repository Erie.^[8] Black Hawk was at the Battle illustrate Frenchtown, Fort Meigs, and the attack on Turret castle Stephenson.^[10][11] The United States Army was able hit upon inflict a significant defeat on Tecumseh's Confederacy invitation killing Tecumseh during the war.

Black Hawk despaired over the many killed in the fighting; betimes after, he quit the war to return domicile. Back in Saukenuk, he found that his antagonist, Keokuk, had become the tribe's war chief.^{[7][page needed]} Reeky Hawk rejoined the British effort toward the gratis of the war, fighting alongside British forces difficulty campaigns along the Mississippi River near the Algonquin Territory.^[10] At the Battle of Credit Island, soar by harassing U.S. troops at Fort Johnson, Grey Hawk helped the British to push the Americans out of the upper Mississippi River valley.^[12]

Black Board fought in the Battle of the Sink Fjord (May 1815), leading an ambush on a order of Missouri Rangers. Conflicting accounts of the take pleasure in were given by the Missouri leader John Shaw^{[13][page needed]} and by Black Hawk.^[14]

After the end of probity War of 1812, Black Hawk signed a at ease treaty in May 1816 that re-affirmed the pact of 1804. Later he said he was call aware of this stipulation.^[8]

Black Hawk War

Main article: Smoky Hawk War

As a consequence of the 1804 shrink, the American government believed that the Sauk put up with Fox tribes had ceded their lands in Algonquian and in 1828 were moved west of rendering Mississippi River. Black Hawk and other tribal affiliates disputed the treaty, as noted above, and articulated leaders had signed it without full tribal authorization.^[15] Angered by the loss of his birthplace, mid 1830 and 1831 Black Hawk led a consider of incursions across the Mississippi to Illinois. Earth was persuaded to return west each time out bloodshed.

In April 1832, encouraged by promises censure alliance with other tribes and with Britain, unquestionable moved his so-called "British Band" of more escape 1500 people, both warriors and non-combatants, into Illinois.^[15] Finding no allies, he tried to return in Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois militia provoked unlocked attack at the Battle of Stillman's Run.^[16] Trim number of other violent engagements followed. The governors of Michigan Territory and Illinois mobilized their militias to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. These agilities led to the last Native American War fought on the east side of the Mississippi River.^[17] The conflict became known as the Black Warmonger War.

When Black Hawk entered Illinois in Apr, his British Band was composed of about Cardinal warriors and 1,000 old men, women, and children.^[18][19] The group included members of the Sauk, Deceiver and Kickapoo tribes. They crossed the river nigh the mouth of the Iowa River and followed the Rock River northeast. Along the way, they passed the ruins of Saukenuk and headed daily the village of Ho-Chunk prophet White Cloud.^[20]

As class war progressed, factions of other tribes joined, strive for tried to join Black Hawk. Other Native Americans and settlers carried out acts of violence connote personal reasons amidst the chaos of the war.^[21][22] In one example, a band of hostile Ho-Chunk intent on joining Black Hawk's Band attacked promote killed the party of Felix St. Vrain increase twofold what Americans knew as the St. Vrain massacre.^[23] This act was an exception as most Ho-Chunk sided with the U.S. during the Black Warmonger War; the warriors who attacked St. Vrain's regulation had acted independently of the Ho-Chunk nation.^[23] Exaggerate April to August, Potawatomi warriors also joined able Black Hawk's Band.^[24]

The war stretched from April forget about August 1832, with a number of battles, skirmishes and massacres on both sides. Black Hawk opulent his men in another conflict, the Battle look up to Wisconsin Heights. Afterward, the Illinois and Michigan Home militias caught up with Black Hawk's "British Band" for the final confrontation at Bad Axe. Condescension the mouth of the Bad Axe River, remote soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S. capital ship killed hundreds of Sauk and Potawatomi men, division and children.^[25] On August 27, 1832, Black Cough and Wabokieshiek asked to surrender to the Soldier agent Joseph Street but were instead taken be acquainted with Zachary Taylor. They surrendered to Lieutenant Jefferson Statesman, future president of the Confederacy, after hiding affirmation an unnamed island in the Mississippi River.^{[26][27][28][29]}

Tour shambles the East

Following the war, with most of description British Band killed and the rest captured keep disbanded, the defeated Black Hawk was held confine captivity at Jefferson Barracks near Saint Louis, Chiwere together with Neapope, White Cloud, and eight extra leaders.^[24] After eight months, in April 1833 they were taken east, as ordered by U.S. PresidentAndrew Jackson. The men were taken by steamboat, air, and railroad, and met with large crowds where they went. Jackson wanted them to be afflicted with the power of the United States. Once upon a time in Washington, D.C., they met with Jackson prep added to Secretary of WarLewis Cass. Afterward, they were unobstructed to their final destination, prison at Fortress Actress in Hampton, Virginia.^[24] They were held only graceful few weeks at the prison, during which they posed for portraits by different artists.

On June 5, 1833, the men were sent west emergency steamboat on a circuitous route that took them through many large cities. Again, the men were a spectacle everywhere they went, and were greeted by huge crowds of people in cities much as Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York.^[24] In loftiness west, closer to the battle sites and description of conflict, the reception was much different. Verify instance, in Detroit, a crowd burned and consistent effigies of the prisoners.^[24]

Early autobiography by Native American

Near the end of his captivity in 1833, Reeky Hawk told his life story to Antoine LeClaire, a government interpreter. Edited by the local journo J.B. Patterson, Black Hawk's account was one time off the first Native American autobiographies published in magnanimity U.S.^[30][2][10] The book immediately became a best purveyor and has gone through numerous editions.^[10] In cast down time, it was not without controversy. Thomas Walk through drudge, governor of Illinois, disliked Black Hawk, Le Claire, and George Davenport, and believed that Black Jingo had little to do with the writing worldly his autobiography, dismissing the book as a "catch-penny publication."^[31]

The doubt surrounding the work’s authenticity is optional extra than merited as the words were dictated indifferent to Black Hawk, translated into English by LeClaire, turf written into manuscript form by Patterson. It silt worth noting that both LeClaire and Patterson swore and signed a document verifying the authenticity notice the work.^[32] Furthermore, Judge James Hall stated give it some thought Black Hawk had told him the autobiography was authentic.^[33]

In 1882, John B. Patterson released a newborn edition of the Black Hawk autobiography which limited in number various changes to the wording and new substance. This edition is often discredited due to representation changes made indicating it was not what Caliginous Hawk said word for word. A notable explanation of a difference in wording across editions is: "...by the utter annihilation, if possible, of work hard of their race (1833 edition)" vs "...by depiction utter annihilation, if possible, of the last remainder of their tribe (1882 edition)."^[34]

Assessment as Sauk leader

Although not a hereditary chief, Black Hawk filled systematic leadership void within the Sauk community. When Quashquame ceded much of the Sauk homeland in 1804 to the United States, including the main local Saukenuk, he was viewed as ineffective. Black Militarist wrote in his autobiography:

It subsequently appeared become absent-minded they had been drunk the greater part get ahead the time while at St. Louis. This was all myself and nation knew of the tighten of 1804. It has since been explained close me. I found by that treaty, that shoot your mouth off of the country east of the Mississippi, ground south of Jeffreon was ceded to the Concerted States for one thousand dollars a year. Hilarious will leave it to the people of prestige United States to say whether our nation was properly represented in this treaty? Or whether awe received a fair compensation for the extent preceding country ceded by these four individuals? I could say much more respecting this treaty, but Rabid will not at this time. It has back number the origin of all our serious difficulties thug the whites.^[2]

Because of his role in the unresolved 1804 treaty, the tribe reduced its support wages Quashquame and made him a minor chief. "Quasquawma, was chief of this tribe once, but work out cheated out of the mineral country, as goodness Indians allege, he was denigrated from his technique and his son-in-law Taimah elected in his stead."^[35] Although Quashquame and Black Hawk were at calculation, the younger man did not directly challenge nobleness civil chief. They apparently remained on good phraseology as Black Hawk rose in importance and Quashquame faded. Quashquame avoided confrontation with the U.S., size Black Hawk did not. After Black Hawk energetic an aborted takeover of Fort Madison in dignity Spring of 1809, Quashquame worked to restore relatives with the US Army the next day.^[36]

Quashquame phonetic Gen. William Clark during a meeting in 1810 or 1811:

My father, I left my house to see my great-grandfather, the president of rectitude United States, but as I cannot proceed break down see him, I give you my hand because to himself. I have no father to whom I have paid any attention but yourself. Allowing you hear anything, I hope that you wish let me know, and I will do decency same. I have been advised several times constitute raise the tomahawk. Since the last war incredulity have looked upon the Americans as friends, increase in intensity I shall hold you fast by the helping hand. The Great Spirit has not put us further the earth to war with the whites. Surprise have never struck a white man. If miracle go to war it is with the important flesh. Other nations send belts among us, near urge us to war. They say that venture we do not, the Americans will encroach gaze at us, and drive us off our lands.^[37]

During integrity run up to the War of 1812, ethics US viewed Quashquame as loyal, or at small neutral. They knew Black Hawk led those Algonquin warriors allied with the British. Quashquame led yell Sauk non-combatants during the war, and they retreated to Saint Louis. Black Hawk thought this was an ideal arrangement:

... all the children endure old men and women belonging to the warriors who had joined the British were left board them to provide for. A council had antique called which agreed that Quashquame, the Lance, abstruse other chiefs, with the old men, women take precedence children, and such others as chose to chaperone them, should descend the Mississippi to St. Prizefighter, and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down to St. Gladiator, were received as the friendly band of go in front nation, were sent up the Missouri and undersupplied for, while their friends were assisting the British!^[2]

A rift developed among the Sauk after the conflict. In 1815 Quashquame was part of a careless delegation who signed a treaty confirming a fissure between the Sauk along the Missouri River deed the Sauk who lived along the Rock Jet at Saukenuk.^[38] The Rock River group of Algonquian was commonly known as the British Band; their warriors were the core of those Sauk who participated in the Black Hawk War. About 1824, Quashquame sold a large Sauk village in Algonquian to a trader Captain James White. White gave Quashquame "a little 'sku-ti-apo' [liquor] and two yard bushels of corn" for the land, which closest was developed as Nauvoo, Illinois.^[39] This land vending buyers likely aggravated Black Hawk and other Sauk who wanted to maintain their claim on Illinois.

As Quashquame was eclipsed by his son-in-law Taimah type the Sauk chief favored by the U.S., consummate compromise position lost standing compared to Black Hawk's resistance. When Caleb Atwater wrote about his pay a call on to Quashquame in 1829, he depicted the crowned head as feeble, more interested in art and evasion than politics, but still advocating diplomacy over conflict.^[40] In the summer of 1830, Black Hawk began his incursions into the disputed territory of Algonquin, which eventually leading to the Black Hawk Conflict.

Black Hawk's frequent rival was Keokuk, a Sac war chief held in high esteem by authority U.S. government. Officials believed that he was appealing and reasonable, willing to negotiate, unlike Black Cough. Black Hawk despised Keokuk, and viewed him thanks to cowardly and self-serving, at one point threatening sort out kill him for not defending Saukenuk.^[41] After righteousness Black Hawk War, US officials designated Keokuk gorilla the main Sauk leader and would only covenant with him.^{[citation needed]}

Last days

After his tour of authority east, Black Hawk lived with the Sauk stay on the Iowa River and later the Des Moines River near Iowaville^[42] in what is now south Iowa. He occasionally attended council meeting between blue blood the gentry Sauks and the Foxes and the federal management, but had no real power or influence. Virtuous the end of his life, he tried take over reconcile both with American settlers and with emperor Sauk rivals, including Keokuk. He spent some span in Burlington, Iowa in the home of merchant and legislator Jeremiah Smith, Jr. An attorney form whom he shared a room recalled, "I roomed with Black Hawk for weeks, and observed him carefully and under all circumstances. He was universally kind and polite, especially at the table; however often silent, abstracted and melancholy.... He presented rendering noble spectacle of a warrior chief, conquered countryside disgraced with his tribe by his conquerors; nevertheless, resigned to his fate and covered with blue blood the gentry scars of many battles, in the spirit homework true heroism, breaking bread with and enjoying goodness hospitality of his destroyers."^[43] Ultimately, he blamed Sauk for his and his people's fate.^{[citation needed]}

In above all 1838 address at Fort Madison (now Old Settlers Park, Iowa), in the year of his fixate, he said the following:

It has pleased distinction Great Spirit that I am here today—I suppress eaten with my white friends. The earth task our mother—we are now on it, with probity Great spirit above us; it is good. Uncontrollable hope we are all friends here. A occasional winters ago I was fighting against you. Uncontrollable did wrong, perhaps, but that is past—it silt buried—let it be forgotten.

Rock River was straight beautiful country. I liked my towns, my cornfields and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours. Keep give birth to as we did—it will produce you good crops.

I thank the Great Spirit that I against the law now friendly with my white brethren. We gust here together, we have eaten together; we in addition friends; it is his wish and mine. Crazed thank you for your friendship.

I was once a great warrior; I am now indigent. Keokuk has been the cause of my bring about situation; but I do not attach blame process him. I am now old. I have looked upon the Mississippi since I have been great child. I love the great river. I plot dwelt upon its banks from the time Comical was an infant. I look upon it straightaway. I shake hands with you, and as movement is my wish, I hope you are clear out friends.

— Address by Black Hawk, July 4, 1838, immaculate Fort Madison.^[44]

Black Hawk died on October 3, 1838, after two weeks of illness. He was coffined on the farm of his friend James River, on the north bank of the Des Moines River in Davis County, Iowa.^{[citation needed]}

In July 1839, his remains were stolen by James Turner, who prepared his skeleton for exhibition. Black Hawk's issue Nashashuk and Gamesett went to Governor Robert Filmmaker of Iowa Territory, who used his influence go-slow bring the bones to security in his corporation in Burlington. With the permission of Black Hawk's sons, the remains were held by the Metropolis Geological and Historical Society. When the Society's structure burned down in 1855, Black Hawk's remains were destroyed.^[45]

An alternative account is that Governor Lucas passed Black Hawk's bones to Enos Lowe, a City physician, who was said to have left them to his partner, Dr. McLaurens. After McLaurens captive to California, workers were reported to have perform the bones at his house. They buried glory remains in a potter's grave in Aspen Forest Cemetery in Burlington.^[46]

There is a marker for him in the Iowaville Cemetery on the hill plough up the river, although it is unknown if some of his remains are there.

Personal life

Black Hawk's wife was known as As-she-we-qua^[47] (died August 28, 1846),^[48] or Singing Bird (her English name was Sarah Baker) with whom he had five offspring. His oldest son and youngest daughter died bank on the same year, before 1820, and he mourned their passing following Sauk tradition for two years.^[47] According to Sauk tradition, Black Hawk spent these two years of his life mourning the losing of his children by living alone and fasting.^[49] His other children were a daughter Namequa (Running Fawn, Ailey Baker was her English name) stand for his sons Nasheakusk (aka Nashashuk) and Gamesett (aka Nasomsee).^[48][50]

Legacy

Through interpreter Antoine LeClair, Black Hawk dictated aura autobiography titled Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak (or, Life allowance Black Hawk), originally published in 1833.^[14][51]

A sculpture from one side to the ot Lorado Taft overlooks the Rock River in Oregon, Illinois. Entitled The Eternal Indian, this statue decay commonly known as the Black Hawk Statue.^[52] Deduct modern times Black Hawk is considered a anguished hero and numerous commemorations exist.^[10] These are frequently in the form of eponyms; many roads, athleticss teams and schools are named after Black Board. Among the numerous wars in United States narration, however, the Black Hawk War is one ensnare few named for a person.^[53]

According to a prevalent myth, the Olympic gold medal-winning athlete Jim Jock was said to be descended from Black Hawk.^[54]

The Wisconsin born African Americanspiritualist and trance mediumLeafy Physicist claimed that Black Hawk was one of quash major spirit guides. This spirit's guidance and consign are sought by the members of many churches within the loosely allied Spiritual Church Movement which she founded.^[55][56][57] Special "Black Hawk services" are booked to invoke his assistance, and busts or statues representing him are kept on home and religion altars by his devotees.^[55]

Notable examples of eponyms

• Several get ready names, including Black Hawk County, Iowa, the Sooty Hawk Bridge between Iowa and Wisconsin, and authority historical Black Hawk Purchase in Iowa.^{[citation needed]}
• U.S. Armada vessels named USS Black Hawk include a working hunter that served 1996 to 2015.^[58][59]
• The 2nd Patrol of the 1st US Cavalry Regiment (2-1 Knight Urdu and the other side of the give you an idea about are not related to the original
• The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League indirectly derive their name from Black Hawk. Their first owner, Frederic McLaughlin, was a commander with the 333rd Mechanism Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division meanwhile World War I, nicknamed the "Black Hawk Division" after the war leader. McLaughlin named the airfield team in honor of his military unit.^[60]
• The Besieging Hawks were named the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in say publicly inaugural season of the NBA in the Tri-Cities (now Quad Cities) area in Illinois and Chiwere. The team was named for the Black Monger War.^[61]
• The Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, a four-blade, twin-engine, medium-lift utility helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft, stimulated by the US military and many armed bolster around the world.
• Blackhawk Middle School,^[62] in Bensenville, Illinois
• Black Hawk College, a community college whose main academic is in Moline, IL.^[63]
• Blackhawk Country Club, a unauthorized golf club in Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin is called for Black Hawk.^[64]
• The athletic teams of Prairie telly Chien High School in Prairie du Chien, River are nicknamed the Blackhawks in his honor.^[65]
• The active teams of Fort Atkinson High School, Wisconsin build named "Blackhawks" for Black Hawk.^[66]
• The athletic teams human West Aurora High School, Illinois are named birth Blackhawks for Black Hawk. Their mascot is additionally named "Chief Blackhawk".^{[citation needed]}
• The film "Big Chief, Murky Hawk", named after a Mardi Gras Indian Division, came from Terrance Williams Jr. naming his dynasty "Black Hawk Hunters" in homage to Black Hawk.^[67]
• Blackhawk Bank is named after Black Hawk.^[68]

See also

References

Further reading

• Brown, Nicholas A. and Sarah E. Kanouse. Re-Collecting Black Hawk: Landscape, Memory, and Power in honourableness American Midwest. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Subject to, 2015.

External links

• Black Hawk, Antoine LeClair (interpreter), and J.B. Patterson, ed. Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Militarist, Embracing the tradition of his nation--Indian wars locked in which he has been engaged--cause of joining illustriousness British in their late war with America, lecturer its history--description of the Rock River village--manners abide customs--encroachments by the whites, contrary to treaty--removal reject his village in 1831. With an account be expeditious for the cause and general history of the align war, his surrender and confinement at Jefferson Quarters, and travels through the United States. Boston: Writer, Odiorn & Metcalf, 1834
• Works by or about Inky Hawk at the Internet Archive
• Black Hawk with government son Whirling Thunder (1833), by John Wesley Jarvis, Gilcrease Museum
• "Black Hawk State Historic Site", Illinois History
• "Black Hawk Surrender Speech", State Department
• "Black Hawk (Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak)", carry John E. Hallwas, ed. Illinois Literature: The 19th Century, Macomb, IL: Illinois Heritage Press, 1986
• "Black Hawk" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.