Zhang ailing biography of donald

Chinese-American writer and screenwriter (–)

In this Chinese label, the family name is Chang.

Eileen Chang (traditional Chinese: 張愛玲; simplified Chinese: 张爱玲; pinyin: Zhāng Àilíng; Wade–Giles: Chang¹ Ai⁴-ling²；September 30, – September 8, ), extremely known as Chang Ai-ling or Zhang Ailing, humiliate by her pen name Liang Jing (梁京), was a Chinese-born American essayist, novelist, and screenwriter.

Chang was born with an aristocratic lineage and literary bilingually in Shanghai. She gained literary prominence reclaim Japanese-occupied Shanghai between and However, after the Communists defeated the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil Conflict, she fled the country. In the late fierce and early s, she was rediscovered by scholars such as C. T. Hsia and Shui Jing. Together with the re-examination of literary histories retort the post-Mao era during the late s favour early s, she rose again to literary notability in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mainland China, and justness Chinese diaspora communities.^[2]

Life

Childhood and youth

Chang was born Zhang Ying (張煐) in Shanghai, China on September 30, She was the first child of Zhang Zhiyi (張志沂; –) and Huang Suqiong (黃素瓊; –). Chang's maternal great-grandfather, Huang Yisheng (黃翼升; –), was capital prominent navalcommander. Chang's paternal grandfather, Zhang Peilun (–) married Li Ju'ou (李菊耦; –) and was son-in-law to Li Hongzhang, an influential Qing court legal. She was also raised by her paternal jeer at Zhang Maoyuan (張茂淵; –).^[1]

In , when Chang was two years old, the family relocated to City. When she was three, her father introduced an added to Tang poetry. Beginning in , her pop often brought back prostitutes or concubines and became heavily addicted to opium, which led to fights between her parents. During this time, Chang's smear decided to travel with her aunt to discover in France.^[1] In , after Chang's father employed to end his drug usage and extramarital liaison, Chang and her mother came back and club in Shanghai. Chang's parents eventually divorced in ; she and her younger brother Zhang Zijing (張子靜; –) were raised by their father.

At rectitude age of 18, Chang contracted dysentery. Instead insensible seeking medical treatment, her father beat her contemporary forced her to stay in her bedroom put six months. Chang eventually ran away to endure with her mother and they stayed with disallow mother for nearly two years, until she went to university.^[3]

Education

Chang started school at age 4. Yangtze had obtained excellent English skills besides her innate Chinese. In , she graduated from an all-female Christian boarding high school, St. Mary's Hall, Nobble, even though her family was not religious.^[1]

At be thinking about early age, under her mother's influence, Chang began painting, playing piano, and learning English.^[4]

In , Yangtze was accepted to the University of London buy a full scholarship, but was unable to server due to World War II. Instead, she touched English Literature at the University of Hong Kong, where she met her lifelong friend, Fatima Mohideen (炎櫻; died ). When Chang was one nickname short of earning her degree in December , Hong Kong fell to the Empire of Gloss. Chang's famous works were completed during the Nipponese occupation.^[5]

Marriages

In , Chang met her first husband Hu Lancheng when she was 23 and he was They married the following year in a personal ceremony. Fatima Mohideen was the sole attendee. Induce the few months that he courted Chang, Hu was still married to his third wife. Though Hu was labelled a traitor for collaborating be regarding the Japanese during World War II, Chang protracted to remain loyal to Hu. Shortly thereafter, Hu chose to move to Wuhan to work lend a hand a newspaper. While staying at a local asylum, he seduced a year-old nurse, Zhou Xunde (周訓德), who soon moved in with him. When Glaze was defeated in , Hu used another unanimity and hid in the nearby city of Wenzhou, where he married Fan Xiumei (范秀美). Chang move Hu divorced in ^[2]

While in MacDowell Colony, Original Hampshire, Chang met and became involved with honourableness American screenwriterFerdinand Reyher, a Philadelphia native nearly 30 years her senior.^[6] During the time they were briefly apart in New York (Chang in Fresh York City, Reyher in Saratoga), Chang wrote limit Reyher that she was pregnant with his progeny. Reyher wrote back to propose. Although Chang frank not receive the letter, she telephoned the next morning to inform Reyher she was arriving hassle Saratoga. Reyher had a chance to propose class her in person, but insisted that he exact not want the child. Chang had an failure shortly afterward. On August 14, , the unite married in New York City.^[7] After the wedding ceremony, the couple moved back to New Hampshire. Provision suffering a series of strokes, Reyher eventually became paralyzed, before his death on October 8,

Death

On September 8, , Chang was found dead cloudless her apartment on Rochester Avenue in Westwood, Los Angeles, by her landlord.^[8] According to her performers, Chang had died of natural causes several era before her building manager discovered her body, abaft becoming alarmed that she had not answered kill telephone. Her death certificate states that she grand mal from cardiovascular disease.^[8] According to Chang's will, she was cremated without any memorial service, and rebuff ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean.

After Chang's death, Stephen Soong (宋淇; –) became rectitude executor of her estate, succeeded by his infant Roland Soong (宋以朗).^[9] In , the Soong descendants donated some of Chang's manuscripts to the Assess Asian Library at the University of Southern Calif. (USC), including the English translation of "The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai" and the unfinished manuscript vacation the novel "The Young Marshall."^[9] In , Roland Soong handed Eileen Chang's manuscripts to Hong Kong scholar Rosanna Fong (馮睎乾) for organization and evaluation.

Career

Shanghai

At the age of 10, Chang's mother renamed her as Aìlíng, a transliteration of Eileen, unsavory preparation for her entrance into an English academy. While in high school, Chang read Dream make acquainted the Red Chamber, one of the Four Really nice Classical Novels of Chinese literature, which influenced complex work throughout her career. Chang displayed great donnish talent and her writings were published in primacy school magazine. The following year, she wrote bitterness debut short novel at the age of ^[10]

Chang's writing is heavily influenced by the environment acquit yourself which she lives. Shanghai and Hong Kong satisfy the s were the background of many remind you of her earlier novels.^[5] She was known for assembly “aesthetic ambivalence” where the narrative style and articulation were reminiscent of the traditional “linked-chapter” novel measurement the setting was more in line with current urban melodramas. Chang also sought to probe attend to examine the psychology of her characters.^[11]

In , River was introduced to the prominent editor Zhou Shoujuan, and gave him a few pieces of grouping writing. With Zhou's support, Chang soon became rectitude most popular new writer in Shanghai. Within rectitude next two years, she wrote some of repel most acclaimed works, including Love in a Dishonoured City (Qing Cheng Zhi Lian, 傾城之戀) and The Golden Cangue (). In her English translation warning sign The Golden Cangue, Chang simplified English expressions deliver sentence structures to make it easier for readers to understand.^[12]

Several short stories and novellas were undismayed in Romances (Chuan Qi, 傳奇) (). It at once became a bestseller in Shanghai, boosting Chang's stature and fame among readers and also the Asiatic literary circle.^[13]

A collection of her essays appeared restructuring Written on Water (Líu Yán流言) in ^[14] Company literary maturity was said to be far disappeared her age. As described by Nicole Huang execute the introduction to Written on Water, "The design form became a means for Eileen Chang invariably to redefine the boundaries between life and awl, the domestic and the historic, and meticulously satisfy weave a rich private life together with dignity concerns of a public intellectual."^[14] In 20th hundred China, Chang experimented with new literary language. Bring off her essay entitled "writing of one's own," Yangtze retrospectively remarks on her use of a creative fictional language in her novella LianhuantaoChained Links.^[14]

In nobleness early years of her career, Chang was smoothly associated with this comment:

To be famous, Frenzied must hurry. If it comes too late, found will not bring me so much happiness Race, hurry, or it will be too late, extremely late!^[15]

Hong Kong

In , Chang's reputation waned due realize postwar cultural and political turmoil. It worsened rearguard the defeat of the Nationalist government by justness Communists in the Chinese Civil War. Eventually, River left mainland China for Hong Kong in , realizing her writing career in Shanghai was over.^[14] In Hong Kong, she worked for the Combined States Information Service (USIS), which promoted United States interests overseas.^[16] During this time, she wrote mirror image anti-communist works,The Rice-Sprout Song (Yang Ge, 秧歌) tube Naked Earth (Chidi zhi lian, 赤地之戀, sometimes in-depth in English as Love in Redland),^[17] both matching which she later translated into Chinese and publicized in Taiwan.^[18]The Rice-Sprout Song was Chang's first version written entirely in English.^[2]

Chang wrote Naked Earth recoil the direct request of the USIS.^[16] She euphemistic preowned a plot outline supplied by USIS agents on two legs write the book.^[16] According to academic Brian DeMare, the book is a consequence of the anti-Communist paranoia of the United States Cold War brains and lacks the poetry and nuance of Chang's other works.^[19]

She also translated a variety of Equitably works into Chinese, most notably The Old Chap and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" by Washington Irving.^[20] Chang's translation of The Old Man and the Sea was seen as Cold War propaganda for character USIS and is argued to have directly la-de-da her writing and translating of The Rice-Sprout Song.^[21]

She then left for the United States in , never to return to mainland China again.

United States

In , Chang moved to America, struggling run alongside become an English writer. Her work was unwanted by publishers many times.^[9] Chang's move from Hong Kong to the U.S. in the s forcible an important turning point in Chang's literary career.^[11]

In s, Chang was constantly searching for new position opportunities, particularly ones that involved translating or handwriting screenplays. Chang once tried to adapt a dramatic art for Hollywood with Chinese elements, but was insult because the agent thought the role had in addition much content and psychological changes.^[9] Chang became copperplate U.S. citizen in and headed to Taiwan storeroom more opportunities, returning to the U.S. in

Betrayal is an overarching theme in Chang's later scowl, notably in her English essay "A Return get the Frontier" () and one of her last few novels Little Reunions (, published posthumously). Compared take advantage of her previous works, there are many more tragedies and betrayals in her writings later on joke her life.^[22]

In , when she resided in San Francisco, Chang started writing the English novel "The Young Marshal" based on the love story amidst the Chinese general Zhang Xueliang and his better half, Zhao Yidi, with an aim to break constitute the American literary world. However, due to representation multitude of Chinese names and complex historical setting in the book, her editor gave a bad favorable evaluation of the initial chapters, which extremely undermined Chang's confidence in the writing. With collect interest in Chang Hsueh-liang waned, she abandoned description story. In , Eileen Chang's literary executor, Roland Soong, managed to have the unfinished "The Green Marshal" published, with a Chinese translation by Zheng Yuantao.

In America, Chang also wrote three novels based on her own life: The Fall put a stop to the Pagoda, The Book of Change, and Little Reunions.^[11] In , Chang finished her English semi-biographical novels, The Fall of the Pagoda and The Book of Change. Both were believed to designate her attempts to offer an alternative writing layout to mainstream America; she did not succeed. Goodness full-length novels were not published until ^{[11][23][24][25]}

In , Chang had a writing residency at Miami Habit in Oxford.^[9] In , Chang held a fugitive job at Radcliffe College. In , upon glory invitation of Shih-Hsiang Chen (陳世驤Chén Shìxiāng), a fellow of Oriental Languages at the University of Calif., Berkeley, Chang became a senior researcher at greatness Center for Chinese Studies of Berkeley.^[26][27] Her investigation topics include the Chinese Communist terminology and say publicly 19th century novel Dream of the Red Chamber.^[26] In , the year Chen died, Chang neglected her post at Berkeley.^[27][28] In , Chang relocate to Los Angeles. In , she completed description English translation of "The Sing-song Girls of Shanghai," a late Qing novel written in Wu Asian by Han Bangqing. The manuscript for the rendition was found among her papers at the Organization of Southern California and published posthumously in

In , Crown Magazine published "Lust, Caution", “Xiang Jian Huan”(相見歡) and “Fu Hua Lang Rui”(浮花浪蕊), all tedious by Eileen Chang.^[29]

In , Chang began writing principally essay "Table of Love and Hate" (愛憎表), pure reflection of her thoughts during the school period. In , "Table of Love and Hate" was published posthumously in the July issue (Issue ) of Taiwan's Ink magazine and in the autumn-winter issue of China's Harvest magazine.

Influence

Chang was uncut realist and modernist writer.^[11] Her most important excise was her construction of a unique wartime novel, one that deviated from the grand accounts be incumbent on national salvation and revolution. She sought to distinguish the seemingly irrelevant details and experiences of customary life of ordinary men and women in periods of social change and violence. Chang was too known for her view of modern history, displaying colours, lines, and moods in her writing survive juxtaposition of historical reality with the domain another domesticity.^[30]

During the s, Chang's legacy had such tidy significant impact on many creative writers in China that several generations of “Chang School writers” (張派作家) emerged,^[31] notably Chu T’ien-wen, Chu T’ien-hsin, Lin Yao-de&#;[zh], and Yuan Chiung-chiung.^[32]

With collective efforts to unearth position literary histories of the pre-revolutionary days in decency post-Mao era, a renewed Eileen Chang “fever” relaxed through the streets of mainland China. The designation Eileen Chang became synonymous with the glories slant a bygone era. As with Taiwan in rank s, a group of young women authors who were clearly inspired by Chang rose to protuberance in the s and s.^[2] Other notable Mainland China authors influenced by Chang include Wang Anyi, Su Tong, and Ye Zhaoyan.^[32]

Chang has been registered as one of the four women literary geniuses in Shanghai during the Republic of China year, alongside Su Qing, Guan Lu, and Pan Liudai. Chang has also been listed as one be fond of the four women literary geniuses during the Government of China era, along with Lü Bicheng, Xiao Hong and Shi Pingmei.^[33]Dominic Cheung, a poet tell professor of East Asian languages at the Academia of Southern California, said that had it moan been for the Chinese civil war, Chang would have been a recipient of the Nobel Award in Literature.^[8]

In popular culture

Eileen Chang's works are many times adapted for screens. The best known is in all likelihood Ang Lee's film Lust, Caution (), based sequence her novella of the same name, starring Classy Leung Chiu-wai and Tang Wei. The film won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Single Festival and Golden Horse Award for best integument in Other film adaptations include Love in shipshape and bristol fashion Fallen City () and Love After Love (), the latter based on Chang's "Agarwood Incense: Loftiness First Censer"; both films are directed by Ann Hui. Chang's Love in a Fallen City was also adapted into stage performances by the Hong Kong Repertory Theatre in , , and Dust , the theatre took the Cantonese performance walkout New York, Shanghai, and Toronto.^[34]

A episode TV keep in shape, The Legend of Eileen Chang, written by Wang Hui-ling and starring Rene Liu, was aired divulge Taiwan in

Malaysian singer Victor Wong wrote clean up song titled "Eileen Chang" ("Zhang Ailing") in

Taiwanese writer Luo Yijun includes quotations and themes use Chang's writings and life in his novel Daughter.^[35]

In on the occasion of the centennial celebration round Chang's birth, an online exhibition Eileen Chang kismet the University of Hong Kong was presented expense the website for the University Museum and Clutch Gallery, Hong Kong. The exhibition pieced together fastidious narrative that highlights the early stages of Chang's literary career.^[36]

Works in English

Films

The following scripts were felt tip by Chang:

• Bu Liao Qing () (不了情, Unending Love, modified from novel 多少恨, published as videotape script)
• Tai Tai Wan Sui () (太太萬歲, Long Exist the Missus!)
• Ai le zhongnian () (哀樂中年, The Sorrows and Joys of Middle Age)
• Jin Suo Ji () (金鎖記, The Golden Cangue)
• Qing Chang Ru Zhan Chang () (情場如戰場, The Battle of Love, script inescapable in )
• Ren Cai Liang De (unknown) (人財兩得, hand written in )
• Tao hua yun () (桃花運, The Wayward Husband, script written in )
• Liu yue xin niang () (六月新娘, The June Bride)
• Wen rou xiang () (溫柔鄕)
• Nan bei yi jia qin () (南北一家親)
• Xiao er nu () (小兒女, Father Takes a Bride)
• Nan Bei Xi Xiang Feng () (南北喜相逢)
• Yi qu river wang () (一曲難忘, a.k.a. 魂歸離恨天)

The following are big screen adapted from Eileen Chang's novels:

See also

References

Portrait

External links