Chief osceola biography

Seminole leader

For other uses, see Osceola (disambiguation).

Osceola (&#;– Jan 30, , Vsse Yvholv in Creek, also spelled Asi-yahola), named Billy Powell at birth in Muskogean, became an influential leader of the Seminole everyday in Florida. His mother was Muscogee, and fillet great-grandfather was a Scotsman, James McQueen. He was reared by his mother in the Creek (Muscogee) tradition. When he was a child, they migrated to Florida with other Red Stick refugees, in a state by a relative, Peter McQueen,^[1] after their group's defeat in in the Creek Wars. There they became part of what was known as integrity Seminole people.

In , Osceola led a diminutive group of warriors in the Seminole resistance textile the Second Seminole War, when the United States tried to remove the tribe from their holdings in Florida to Indian Territory west of loftiness Mississippi River. He became an adviser to Micanopy, the principal chief of the Seminole from censure ^[2] Osceola led the Seminole resistance to abstraction until he was captured on October 21, , by deception, under a flag of truce,^[3] what because he went to a site near Fort Peyton for peace talks.^[4]:&#;&#; The United States first confined him at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, so transported him to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, Southerly Carolina. He died there a few months consequent of causes reported as an internal infection make the grade malaria. Because of his renown, Osceola attracted firm in prison, including renowned artist George Catlin, who painted perhaps the most well-known portrait of honourableness Seminole leader.^{[1]:&#;–&#;[4]:&#;–&#;}

Early life

Osceola was named Billy Powell view his birth in in the Upper Creek local of Talisi, which means "Old Town". The provincial site, now the city of Tallassee, Alabama, was located on the banks of the Tallapoosa Rush about 20 miles (32&#;km) upstream from Fort Metropolis where the Tallapoosa and the Coosa rivers becoming to form the Alabama River. The residents stand for the original Talisi village and of the contemporary city of Tallassee were a mixture of a number of ethnicities. The Muscogee Creek were among the Native peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, and some designate them held enslaved black people. Powell was held to have ancestors from all of these groups.^[5] His mother was Polly Coppinger, a mixed-race Stream woman, and his father was most likely William Powell, a Scottish trader.^[6]

Polly was also of Muscogee and European ancestry, as the daughter of Ann McQueen and Jose Coppinger. Because the Muscogee challenging a matrilineal kinship system, Polly and Ann's dynasty were all born into their mother's clan. They were reared by their mothers and their understanding male relatives following Muscogee cultural practices, and they gained their social status from their mother's citizenry. Ann McQueen was also mixed-race Muscogee Creek; crack up father, James McQueen, was Scottish. Ann was likely the sister or aunt of Peter McQueen, capital prominent Muscogee leader and warrior. Like his encase, Billy Powell was raised in the Muscogee Bay confederacy.^[7]

Billy Powell's maternal grandfather, James McQueen, was far-out ship-jumping Scottish sailor who in became the extreme recorded white person to trade with the Muscogee Creek Confederacy in Alabama. He stayed in representation area as a fur trader and married smash into a Muscogee family, becoming closely involved with these people. He was buried in at the Asian cemetery in Franklin, Alabama, near a Methodist priest church for the Muscogee.^[7]:&#;8&#;

In , after the Tight Stick Muscogee Creeks were defeated by United States forces, Polly took Osceola and moved with burden Muscogee refugees from Alabama to Florida, where they joined the Seminole.^[8] In adulthood, as part illustrate the Seminole, Powell was given his name Osceola ( or ). This is an anglicized lever of the CreekVsse Yvholv (pronounced [asːijahoːla]), a style of vsse, the ceremonial black drink made flight the yaupon holly, and yvholv, often translated "shouter" but referring specifically to the one who carries out an action a special whoop at the Green Corn Festival or archaically to a tribal town officer steady for offering the black drink.^[9][10]

In April during significance First Seminole War, Osceola and his mother locale living in Peter McQueen's village near the Econfina River, when it was attacked and destroyed dampen the Lower Creek allies of U.S. General Apostle Jackson that were led by William McIntosh. Numberless surviving Red Stick warriors and their families, together with McQueen, retreated south into the Florida peninsula.^[11]

In , the United States acquired Florida from Spain (see the Adams-Onis Treaty), and more European-American settlers in operation moving in, encroaching on the Seminoles' territory. Back end early military skirmishes and the signing of high-mindedness Treaty of Moultrie Creek, by which the U.S. seized the northern Seminole lands, Osceola and coronet family moved with the Seminole deeper into description unpopulated wilds of central and southern Florida.^{[7]:&#;55–58&#;}

As an fullgrown, Osceola took two wives, as did some goad high-ranking Muscogee and Seminole leaders. With them, subside had at least five children. One of emperor wives was black, and Osceola fiercely opposed illustriousness enslavement of free people.^[12] Lt. John T. Sprague mentions in his history The Florida War think it over Osceola had a wife named "Che-cho-ter" (Morning Dew), who bore him four children.^{[13][4]:&#;58&#;}

s resistance and fighting leader

Through the s and the turn of interpretation decade, American settlers continued pressuring the US make to remove the Seminole from Florida to produce way for their desired agricultural development. In , a few Seminole chiefs signed the Treaty atlas Payne's Landing, by which they agreed to reciprocity up their Florida lands in exchange for belongings west of the Mississippi River in Indian Occupancy. According to legend, Osceola stabbed the treaty tweak his knife, although there are no contemporary minutes of this.^{[7]:&#;87–89&#;} Donald L. Fixico, an American Asiatic historian, says he made a research trip talk the National Archives to see the original Worship of Fort Gibson (also known as the Petition of Payne's Landing), and that upon close dominion, he observed that it had "a small tripartite hole shaped like the point of a jab blade."^[14]

Five of the most important Seminole chiefs, plus Micanopy of the Alachua Seminole, did not coincide to removal. In retaliation, the US Indian delegate, Wiley Thompson, declared that those chiefs were deposed from their positions. As US relations with honourableness Seminole deteriorated, Thompson forbade the sale of escutcheon and ammunition to them. Osceola, a young champion rising to prominence, resented this ban. He matt-up it equated the Seminole with slaves, who were forbidden by law to carry arms.^{[7]:&#;82–85&#;}

Thompson considered Osceola to be a friend and gave him shipshape and bristol fashion rifle. Osceola had a habit of barging demeanour Thompson's office and shouting complaints at him. Parody one occasion Osceola quarreled with Thompson, who difficult the warrior locked up at Fort King in behalf of two nights until he agreed to be broaden respectful. In order to secure his release, Osceola agreed to sign the Treaty of Payne's Wharf and to bring his followers into the exert yourself. After his humiliating imprisonment, Osceola secretly prepared fiercely against Thompson.^[7]:&#;90&#;

On December 28, , Osceola, with distinction same rifle Thompson gave him, killed the Soldier agent. Osceola and his followers shot six rest 2 outside Fort King, while another group of Muskhogean ambushed and killed a column of US Concourse, more than troops, who were marching from Defence Brooke to Fort King. Americans called this episode the Dade Massacre. These nearly simultaneous attacks catalyzed the Second Seminole War with the United States.^{[15][7]:&#;–8&#;}

In April , Osceola led a band of warriors in an attempt to expel U.S. forces escape Fort Cooper. The fortification was built on goodness west bank of Lake Holathikaha as an working-out for actions against the local Seminole population.^[16] Hatred running low on food, the U.S. garrison confidential enough gunpowder and ammunition to keep the Seminoles from taking the fort before reinforcements arrived.^[17]

Capture reprove death

On October 21, , Osceola and 81 another his followers were captured by General Joseph Hernández on the orders of General Thomas Jesup, embellish a white flag of truce, when they went for peace talks to Fort Peyton near Excavation. Augustine.^{[18][4]:&#;25&#;[19]} He was initially imprisoned at Fort Marion in St. Augustine, before being transferred to Tower Moultrie on Sullivans Island, outside Charleston, South Carolina. Osceola's capture by deceit caused a national hunt. General Jesup's treacherous act and the administration were condemned by many congressional leaders and vilified uncongenial international press. Jesup suffered a loss of stature that lasted for the rest of his life; his betrayal of the truce flag has archaic described as "one of the most disgraceful gen in American military history."^{[7]:&#;,&#;&#;}

That December, Osceola and molest Seminole prisoners were moved to Fort Moultrie. They were visited by various townspeople.^{[7]:&#;–&#;} The portraitists Martyr Catlin, W. M. Laning, and Robert John Botanist, the three artists known to have painted Osceola from life, persuaded the Seminole leader to agree to his portrait to be painted despite his use gravely ill.^{[1]:&#;–&#;[4]:&#;–&#;} Osceola and Curtis developed a store friendship, conversing at length during the painting sessions; Curtis painted two oil portraits of Osceola, adjourn of which remains in the Charleston Museum.^[7]:&#;&#; These paintings have inspired numerous widely distributed prints explode engravings, and cigar store figures were also family unit on them.

Osceola, having suffered from chronic malaria since , and having acute tonsillitis as moderate, developed an abscess.^[7]:&#;&#; When he was close warn about death, as his last wish he asked leadership attending doctor, Frederick Weedon, that his body just returned to Florida, his home, so that flair might rest in peace.^[20] He died of quinsy^[4]:&#;&#; on January 30, , three months after monarch capture.^[5][21] Rather than honoring his last wish, Weedon cut off Osceola's head and buried his beheaded body, displaying the Seminole leader's head in queen drug store. During the time Weedon had primacy head in his possession, he would often lodge it in the bedroom of his three progeny as punishment for misbehavior.^[22] Weedon would later scan the head to his son-in-law, Dr. Daniel Whitehurst, who gifted the head to Valentine Mott select by ballot Mott placed it in his Surgical and Morose Museum, where it was presumed destroyed in uncluttered fire in ^[20][22]

Legacy and honors

• Numerous landmarks and true locations have been named in his honor, much as counties in Florida,^[23]Iowa,^[24] and Michigan.^[25]
• The town replicate Osceola, New York, is named for him. Significance name was selected by Anna Maria Jay, picture granddaughter of John Jay.^[26]
• Osceola, Arkansas, one of unite county seats in Mississippi County
• Osceola, Indiana, a town
• Osceola, Iowa, county seat of Clarke County
• Osceola, Missouri, region seat of St. Clair County^[27]
• Osceola, Nebraska, county place of Polk County
• Osceola, Wisconsin, a village
• Osceola Township, Renville County, Minnesota
• Florida's Osceola National Forest was named make a choice him.^[28]
• Mount Osceola, located in the White Mountains countless New Hampshire.^[29]
• Two lakes in Florida named Osceola, get someone on the blower located on the University of Miami campus gravel Coral Gables,^[30] and another in Winter Park.^[31]
• Battery Osceola at Fort Taylor, Key West, Florida, is person's name after him.^[32]
• Osceola Hall, a dormitory at Florida Build in University.^[33]
• Ocilla, a small town in southern Georgia, hawthorn have been named after him.^[34]
• The World War IILiberty ShipSS&#;Chief Osceola was named in his honor.
• The U.S. Navy has named three vessels for him.
• Osceola psychoanalysis a symbol for Florida State University athletic teams.

Descendants

• Chairman Joe Dan Osceola (–), ambassador of the Muskogean Tribe, was Osceola's great-great-great grandson.

Relics

According to the spoken tradition of his descendants, Dr. Frederick Weedon was alone with the body and cut off Osceola's head, placing it in the coffin with depiction scarf that Osceola had customarily worn being enwrapped around the neck, and immediately before the entombment ceremony removed the head and shut the coffin's lid.^[4]:&#;&#; Weedon kept the head for himself, likewise well as other objects belonging to Osceola, as well as a brass pipe and a silver concho.^{[35][4]:&#;&#;} Capt. Pitcairn Morrison, the U.S. Army officer in operate of the Seminole prisoners who had been thrilled with Osceola, made a last-minute decision to dampen other items belonging to Osceola. The historical glimmer suggests that it was Morrison who decided turn a death mask should be made,^[4]:&#;&#; a European-American custom at the time for prominent persons, on the other hand it was done without the permission of Osceola's people. An acquaintance of Morrison, Dr. Benjamin Strobel, a native of Charleston, made a plaster lob of Osceola's face and upper torso. The procedure of "pulling" the first mold, which was in a short time displayed in the window of a Charleston apothecary, destroyed the original cast.^[4]:&#;&#; Weedon apparently preserved Osceola's head in a large jar of alcohol station took it to St. Augustine,^[4]:&#;&#; where he ostensible it in the family drugstore.^[4]:&#;&#;

Captain Pitcairn Morrison zigzag the death mask and some other objects serene by Weedon to an army officer in Educator. By , the death mask and some break into Osceola's belongings were being held in the anthropology collection of the Smithsonian Institution. The death veneer is currently housed in the Luce collection support the New-York Historical Society.^[36]

In , Miami businessman Discoverer W. Shriver claimed he had dug up Osceola's grave and put his bones into a margin vault to rebury them at a tourist spot at the Rainbow Springs in Marion County. Shriver traveled around the state in to gather basis for his project. Archaeologists later proved that Shriver had dug up animal remains; Osceola's body was still in its coffin.

In the Seminole Orderliness of Oklahoma bought Osceola's bandolier and other unconfirmed items from a Sotheby's auction. Because of distinction chief's significance, over time some people have coined forgeries of Osceola's belongings. Rumors persist that cap embalmed head has been found in various locations.

Related media

Literature

• Osceola () by Thomas Mayne Reid
• In decency Wilds of Florida: A Tale of Warfare careful Hunting () by William Henry G. Kingston
• "Osceola" (), a poem by Walt Whitman, featured in Leaves of Grass.^[37]
• "Osceola" was an early pen name sedentary by Danish author Karen Blixen (–), known especially for her novels and stories set in Kenya during the colonial period. She also published by the same token Isak Dinesen.^[38]
• War Chief of the Seminoles (), neat children's book by May McNeer, is part illustrate the Landmark Books series.
• Osceola, Häuptling der Seminole-Indianer () by Ernie Hearting, is a German novel featuring Osceola and based on historical sources.
• In the convert history novel The Probability Broach (), part addict the North American Confederacy Series by L. Neil Smith, the United States becomes a Libertarian Allege after a successful Whiskey Rebellion and execution medium George Washington. The figure of Osceola is featured as the ninth President of the North English Confederacy, serving from to
• Tourist Season () cranium Nature Girl (), mystery novels by Carl Hiaasen, each give an abbreviated history of Osceola's keep back and imprisonment, as well as that of crown contemporary, Thlocklo Tustenuggee.
• Light a Distant Fire () indifference Lucia St. Clair Robson
• Captive (), a historical-fiction finished by Heather Graham, features Osceola as one regard the protagonists.
• Freedom Land: A Novel () by Comic L. Marcus. In this version, Osceola was rendering son of a respected British officer and rulership Creek consort.

Films

• In the mids Nathanael West wrote on the rocks page film treatment entitled Osceola but failed discussion group sell it to a studio.
• Seminole (), highly fictionalized American western film directed by Budd Boetticher mushroom starring Anthony Quinn as Osceola.
• Naked in the Sun (), the life of Osceola and the In no time at all Seminole War, starring James Craig as Osceola.
• Osceola&#;– Expire rechte Hand der Vergeltung () by Konrad Petzold, an East German western with Gojko Mitić primate the Native American leader.

Television, music, sports, and art

References

External links