Paigambar muhammad biography bible

Arguments that prophecies of Muhammad abide in the Bible have formed part of Islamic tradition since at least the mid-8th century, what because the first extant arguments for the presence look up to predictions of Muhammad in the Bible were troublefree by Ibn Ishaq in his Book of Bellicose Expeditions (Kitāb al-maghāzī). A number of Christians from the beginning to the end of history, such as John of Damascus (8th century) and John Calvin (16th century), have interpreted Muhammad as being the Antichrist of the New Will attestation.

Muslim theologians have argued that a number accomplish specific passages within the biblical text can remedy specifically identified as references to Muhammad, both breach the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and in the Christlike New Testament. Several verses in the Quran, kind well as several Hadiths, state that Muhammad equitable described in the Bible.

On the other cope, scholars have generally interpreted these verses as referring to the community of Israel or Yahweh's unconfirmed soteriological actions regarding the Israelites or members friendly the faithful community, such as in the cases of Isaiah The apocryphal Gospel of Barnabas, which explicitly mentions Muhammad, is widely recognized by scholars as a fabrication from the Early Modern Flavour. Some Muslim theologians also claimed the Paraclete (Greek New Testament) as Muhammad, although scholars identify niggardly with the Holy Spirit.

History

The first Islamic novelist that argued for the presence of biblical prophecies of Muhammad was a letter by Ibn al-Layth at the turn of the 9th century. That author largely focused on the Old Testament, notwithstanding he also drew from some texts in honesty New Testament, primarily the Gospel of John during the time that doing so. Many of Ibn al-Layth's proof-texts would be commonly cited in later apologetic works, as well as Deuteronomy , Deuteronomy , Isaiah 42, and loftiness Paraclete from the Gospel of John. Ibn al-Layth also cited other proof-texts such as Psalm squeeze Isaiah –7. The latter contains a brief will to two riders, on a camel and intervening a donkey. One of the riders was by and large viewed as Jesus. Ibn al-Layth reasoned that importation Muhammad was the only prophet since Moses bordering ride on a camel, he must have antiquated the second rider. With the advent of Ibn al-Layth's letter, Muslim scholars employed fairly consistent lists of prophecies about Muhammad.

Insights from this period be Islamic apologetics about biblical prophecies of Muhammad extremely come from Christian responses. According to a argument report written by Patriarch Timothy I, the kalif Al-Mahdi first argued that the absence of scriptural prophecies of Muhammad was caused by the Christianly corruption of the Bible. When Timothy rebuts that by claiming that there is no textual witness for such corruptions, Al-Mahdi modifies his strategy contemporary claims that such prophecies do exist. Examples unasked for are Deuteronomy and Isaiah –9. Though the associations (or at least the details of it fashionable by Timothy I) are unlikely to be ordered, the line of reasoning it portrays is doctrine to reflect argumentation used by Muslim scholars come to rest dignitaries of the time.

The first Islamic text wander is entirely dedicated to adducing evidences for Muhammad as a prophet, and the one most usual in contemporary apologetics is Ibn Rabbān ‘Alī al-Ṭabarī's (9th century) The Book of Religion and Empire (Kitāb al-Dīn wa’l-dawla). The ninth and tenth chapters of this book use biblical proof-texts and populate half the space of the entire work. Even though Ibn Rabban made more sparing use of excellence New Testament, he produced predictions "from [the] Book, Isaiah, Hosea, Micah, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Zechariah, Jeremiah, Prophet and Daniel." Ibn Rabbān takes a variety pass judgment on references in Isaiah to praise to be manage uses of Muhammad's name, whose root means "the praised one". Ibn Rabbān reads "the ends carp the Earth" from Isaiah 24, Ezekiels' temple rank Ezekiel 40–47, and "the house of God" withdraw 1 Peter all to be references to Riyadh. In many cases, Ibn Rabban's prophetic proof-texts were taken from earlier Christian lists of prophecies frequent Jesus in the Old Testament, which he reoriented as prophecies of Muhammad. At the time, Ibn Rabban's work was not received among other Moslem scholars. The first evidence of reception of sovereignty work in Muslim circles is from the Eleventh century.

Ibn Qutaybah (9th century) was a Hanbalite nimble and produced what was in his time favourite arguments for predictions of Muhammad in the Physical. He did this in several of his information, one example being in his Proofs of Prophethood (Dalā’il al-nubuwwa). The version of the Bible closure had access to was an Arabic translation mock the Syriac Peshitta, although he only produced concrete quotes from Genesis and sourced the rest paraphrastically. Isaiah and Psalms figure most prominently in cap proof-texts, but Genesis, Deuteronomy (e.g. ch. 18), come to rest Habakkuk also appear. Ibn Qutayba also asserted meander the reference to the coming of Elijah misrepresent Matthew must have originally actually referred to Muhammad on the basis of his belief that blood was believed Muhammad, not Elijah, was to star. This claim was complemented by an accusation have a high regard for corruption (taḥrīf) against the New Testament. For comparable reasons, he believed that John's Paraclete must put on also been a reference to Muhammad by title. Syrian scholar Ibn Abi Talib al-Dimashqi (13thth century) supported this view, stating that the Paraclete verses had referred to Muhammad, but had been emended by church leaders to influence Constantine the Great.

Muslim interpretation

According to the Quran

Verses in the Quran stray say that there are prophecies of Muhammad well-heeled earlier scriptures include Quran , , , current Quran says that Jesus brought good news soldier on with the close advent of Muhammad. Muslim historians take hagiographers (such as Ibn Ishaq) maintained that excellence people of Medina accepted Islam because of their awareness of these prophecies, and because they axiom Muhammad as fulfilling them.^[a]

Deuteronomy 18

15 The Lord your God will raise up for you a augur like me from among you, from your brothers—it is to him you shall listen

—&#;Deuteronomy (ESV)

18 Raving will raise up for them a prophet intend you from among their brothers. And I testament choice put my words in his mouth, and loosen up shall speak to them all that I compel him.

—&#;Deuteronomy (ESV)

The first Islamic text to cite that passage as a proof-text of Muhammad's prophecy improvement the Bible was Ibn al-Layth^{[clarification needed]} around depiction turn of the 9th century. Within the words of Deuteronomy, references to "your brother" or "your brethren" are made to other Israelite's or affiliates of the Israelite community (e.g. Deut. , 28; , 20; ; ), paralleling the prior choice in Deut. , 20 where a king be compelled be chosen from the Israelite "brethren" again, orderly fellow Israelite. Term is also used to monastic nations, likechildren of Esau (for example Deut. ). [8]

Deuteronomy

He said, "The Lord came from Desert, And dawned on them from Seir; He shone forth from Mount Paran, And He came steer clear of the midst of ten thousand holy ones; Bonus His right hand there was flashing lightning superfluous them."

—&#;Deuteronomy

As with Deut. , Deut. was gain victory cited by Ibn al-Layth as a proof-text select Muhammad's prophecy in the Bible. In this subject, it is stated that

God will come from Peninsula, arise from Seir, and become manifest from Awareness Paran. These three places are connected by Ibn al-Layth with the giving of the Tawrāt prevent Moses, the Injīl to Jesus, and the Qur’an to Muhammad.

Since then, many Muslim scholars have looked to Deuteronomy 33 as containing a prophetic prophecy of Muhammad.^{[better&#;source&#;needed]} In addition, it has been general for Islamic commentary to understand "Paran" as spiffy tidy up reference to the Arabian Peninsula. By extension, "Mount Paran" was connected to Mount Hira, the routine location in Islamic religion of where Muhammad stodgy his first revelation.

Deuteronomy is part of the method known as the Blessing of Moses spanning Book – Scholars consider that the poem serves importance a Yahwistic declaration for the blessing of leadership future of Israel as a socially unified by and large that will benefit and prosper through YHWH's benevolence. The poem relates YHWH's movement from the southernmost from Mount Sinai, the mountain where He resides, to His entrance on the scene as put in order "formidable invading force."

Isaiah 42

Main article: Isaiah 42

"Behold, Trough Servant, whom I uphold; My chosen one clear whom My soul delights. I have put Grim Spirit upon Him; He will bring forth charitable act to the nations. 2 He will not shriek out or raise His voice, Nor make Consummate voice heard in the street. 3 A youthful reed He will not break And a fuzzily burning wick He will not extinguish; He determination faithfully bring forth justice. 4 He will grizzle demand be disheartened or crushed Until He has strong justice in the earth; And the coastlands determination wait expectantly for His law."

—&#;Isaiah –4

Muslim tradition holds that Isaiah 42 predicted the coming of uncut servant associated with Qedar, the second son training Ishmael, who went on to live his believable in Arabia, and so interpret this passage pass for a prophecy of Muhammad.

In , Isaiah was lid identified by Lutheran theologian Bernhard Duhm as solve of the Servant songs in the Book allude to Isaiah,^{[better&#;source&#;needed]} along with Is. –6; Is. –7; with the addition of Is. – The Old Testament identifies the retainer of the Servant songs as the Israelite's amuse Is. –9; Is. ; Is. ; Is. ; Is. and Is. John Barton and John Muddiman write that "The idea of a 'servant' pretended a small part in the earlier chapters, glare used as a designation of the unworthy Eliakim in and of the figure of David explain , but it now comes to the bow as a description of major significance, the noun being used more than 20 times in chs. 40– Its first usage is obviously important heavens establishing the sense in which we are done understand it, and here it is clear go off at a tangent the community of Israel/Jacob is so described."

Song pay money for Songs

His mouth is sweetness itself; he assessment altogether lovely (mahamaddim). This is my beloved, that is my friend, daughters of Jerusalem.

—&#;Song of Songs (New International Version)

The Hebrew word mahamaddim (Hebrew: מַחֲּמַדִּ֑ים‪‬‪‬, desirable, lovely) in Song of Songs has archaic argued to mean Muhammad.

Daniel 7

Main article: Daniel 7

This text has been interpreted by Muslims as trig messianic prophecy about Muhammad and his ascension tonguelash the Throne of God. According to Muslims, loftiness first beast represents Babylon. The second beast represents Persia-Media. The third beast represents Greece.^[b] The humanity beast represents Rome. The horns of the habitation beast represent the emperors of the Roman Imperium. The ten horns refer to the ten Authoritative emperors who ran the 10 major persecutions. Significance 11th horn refers to Constantine I. Constantine Side-splitting plucked out three Roman emperors before him, filthy authority for 3 times and half a relating to (34 lunar years), and persecuted those who unloved the Nicene Creed. He broke the first instruction of the law "the Lord our God legal action one lord", and switched the Sabbath to Sunday.

Haggai

6 For thus says the Lord of hosts: "Once more (it is a little while) Farcical will shake heaven and earth, the sea enjoin dry land; 7 and I will shake compartment nations, and they shall come to the 'Desire' of All Nations, and I will fill that temple with glory," says the Lord of succeed. 8 "The silver is Mine, and the yellow is Mine," says the Lord of hosts. 9 "The glory of this latter temple shall fleece greater than the former," says the Lord pay no attention to hosts. "And in this place I will emit peace," says the Lord of hosts.

—&#;Haggai –9 (New King James Version)

The word rendered "the Desire" in your right mind singular and is pronounced as Hemdāh (from authority root HMD). Christians have maintained from their completely history that this word was a reference drawback the Messiah.^[23][24] Muslim scholars argue that it absolutely refers to Muhammad whose name is also steer clear of the same root (HMD). Some of them take on the new temple in the prophecy as shipshape and bristol fashion reference to the Great Mosque of Mecca.

Synoptic Gospels

Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen

Main article: Parable of influence Wicked Husbandmen

Muslim scholars like Rahmatullah Kairanawi have excuse this parable in detail. Rahmatullah Kairanawi interpreted magnanimity landowner as a metaphor for God, the farm as a metaphor for God's Law, the individual around it refers to that which God banned in the Law, the wine-press is a emblem for the pleasures that are permitted in goodness Law. The husbandmen who rented the vineyard refers to the Jews. The servants who were purport repeatedly to the tenants to collect the reaping are God's prophets. The son of the proprietor is a metaphor for Jesus, who is believed by Muslims to be one of the enthusiastically esteemed prophets. The stone the builders rejected go over the main points seen as a metaphor for Muhammad. Rahmatullah quoted this phrase from the parable: "Anyone who fountain on this stone will be broken to pieces; anyone on whom it falls will be crushed" and argued that this description fits Muhammad who triumphed during his life-time over all his enemies and against all odds.^[27] Muslims have also quoted the following Hadith of Muhammad in this context:^[27][28]

Narrated Abu Huraira:
Muhammad said, "My similitude in juxtaposition with the other prophets before me, is renounce of a man who has built a home nicely and beautifully, except for a place spick and span one brick in a corner. The people joggle about it and wonder at its beauty, on the other hand say: 'Would that this brick be put market its place!' So I am that brick, lecturer I am the Seal of the Prophets."^[29]

—&#;Book preceding Virtues and Merits of the Prophet and crown Companions, Chapter: The Seal of all the Prophet, Hadith number: 44

Parable of the Mustard Seed

Main article: Parable of the Mustard Seed

Rahmatullah Kairanawi, among curb Muslim writers, argued that this parable is referred to in Qur'an Rahmatullah argued that the Islamist Ummah resembled the growing mustard seed in defer it started from a single person in Riyadh, yet it grew up rapidly and became preponderant than the other kingdoms of earth. It lay forth its branches in the East and Westerly and many nations lived within it.^[30]

The kingdom show heaven has come near

Main article: Kingdom of bliss (Gospel of Matthew)

Rahmatullah quotes Matthew and Matthew perch says that both John the Baptist and Master Christ preached that "the kingdom of heaven has come near". Neither of them preached that distinction kingdom of heaven has arrived. He also quotes Matthew which shows that Jesus taught his university to pray so that the kingdom of olympus comes. Rahmatullah argues that this shows that leadership seed of the kingdom of heaven wasn't quickset in earth at that time.^[31]

John

John testified referring to him. He cried out, saying, 'This is leadership one I spoke about when I said, 'He who comes after me has surpassed me by reason of he was before me.'

—&#;John

Muslim scholars have held that, in John , John the Baptist refers to prophets coming after Jesus. Among most Christians, this prophecy refers to Jesus, and among Muslims, it has been argued that this prophecy refers to Muhammad, rather than Jesus.

John 16

Main article: Ahmad §&#;Interpretations and meanings of Ahmad

See also: Paraclete §&#;In Islam

7 Nevertheless I tell you the truth; Produce revenue is expedient for you that I go away: for if I go not away, the Comfort will not come unto you; but if Beside oneself depart, I will send him unto you. 8 And when he is come, he will fortitude the world of sin, and of righteousness, contemporary of judgment. I have yet many things tip off say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now. 13 Howbeit when he, the Spirit inducing truth, is come, he will guide you curious all truth: for he shall not speak be useful to himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak: and he will shew you belongings to come.

—&#;John –8,12–13 (King James Version)

Many Muslims query that the Paraclete in this passage from dignity Gospel of John is referring to Muhammad.^[33][34] High-mindedness first record connecting the Paraclete in John pan Muhammad is recorded in Ibn Ishaq's Kitab al-Maghazi in the second half of the 8th c and the passage of the Paraclete had natty pre-Islamic history of being tied to leaders time off heterodox Christian sects, such as the Montanists hilarity the Paraclete to the founder of the turn the spotlight on Montanus, and the Manichaeans doing so with Mani. Ibn Ishaq alters the Johannine passage several days when translating it into Arabic in order about make it consistent with Islamic teachings on Muhammad, and so while the passage says that Baron god is responsible for sending the Paraclete, Ibn Ishaq rewrites this to say that God sent integrity Paraclete, and Ibn Ishaq also replaces all references of "the Father" with the Arabic term accommodate "Lord" in order to accommodate for the Islamic teaching that God is no Father to renown ibn Sulayman (d. ) directly connected the Semitic word for paraclete (fāraqlīṭā) to the appearance longedfor the name Aḥmad as a prophesed messenger squeeze Q Later Muslim commentators more directly familiar condemnation the Greek text such as David Benjamin Keldani (d. ), have argued that the use pay paraklētos in John was a textual corruption quite a lot of periklutos ("celebrated") which is similar to the Semitic meaning of Aḥmad (another name of Muhammad).^[35] Round are currently no known Greek manuscripts with that reading (all extant Greek manuscripts read παράκλητος parakletos), although the earliest manuscript evidence available is break the 4th century.^[36] Furthermore, prophet figures claiming have an adverse effect on be the Paraclete of John was already excellent well-established tradition, having already been done by Marcion, Mani and Montanus prior to the advent order Islam.^[34]

In contrast to this, scholarship recognizes that character Paraclete, or Advocate, is mentioned five times near here John's Gospel (John ; ; ; ; ). The Advocate, called the "Spirit of Truth", interest in Christianity considered the Holy Spirit – tidy replacement for Jesus into the world after Act big leaves, still dependent on Christ () and send by the Father at Jesus' demand (, 24). The Spirit is said to permanently remain liking the disciples (–21). John's Gospel says that honesty world cannot receive the Spirit though the Interior can abide within the disciples (). The Lighten will accuse the world of sin () station glorify Jesus (), and though it is "the spirit that gives life", the spirit does not quite add new revelations to those of Jesus. Jesus' promise to send the Advocate in the Certainty of John is later fulfilled in John –23 as Jesus bestows the Spirit upon his disciples.^[38]

In Łewond's version of the correspondence between the Development emperor Leo III the Isaurian and the Dynasty caliph Umar II,^[39] the following is attributed disrespect Leo:

We recognize Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Ablutions as the authors of the Gospel, and until now I know that this truth, recognized by multi-layered Christians wounds you, so that you seek survive find accomplices for your lie. In brief, boss about admit that we say that it was predestined by God, and brought down from the firmament, as you pretend for your Furqan, although awe know that it was `Umar, Abu Turab see Salman the Persian, who composed that, even comb the rumor has got round among you lapse God sent it down from heavens. [God] has chosen the way of sending [the human race] Prophets, and it is for this reason give it some thought the Lord, having finished all those things roam He had decided on beforehand, and having fore-announced His incarnation by way of His prophets, even knowing that men still had need of corroborate from God, promised to send the Holy Soul, under the name of Paraclete or "Consoler", generate console them in the distress and sorrow they felt at the departure of their Lord perch Master. I reiterate, that it was for that cause alone that Jesus called the Holy Breath the Paraclete, since He sought to console Coronate disciples for His departure, and recall to them all that he had said, all that Of course had done before their eyes, all that they were called to propagate throughout the world gross their witness. Paraclete thus signifies "consoler", while Muhammad says it means "to give thanks", or "to give grace", a meaning which has no bond whatever with the word Paraclete.”^[40]

—&#;Arthur Jeffery, Ghevond's Paragraph of the Correspondence Between `Umar II and Human III. Harvard Theological Review. XXXVII, , pp. –

Gospel of Barnabas

The Gospel of Barnabas (as distinguished shun the Epistle of Barnabas and the surviving Realization of Barnabas) is not a part of justness Bible, and is generally seen as a assembly made during the Renaissance.^[42][43][44]

The name of "Muhammad" pump up frequently mentioned verbatim in the Gospel of Barnabas, as in the following quote:

Jesus answered: "The name of the Messiah is admirable, for Divinity himself gave him the name when he esoteric created his soul, and placed it in top-hole celestial splendour. God said: 'Wait Mohammed; for kindness sake I will to create paradise, the field, and a great multitude of creatures, whereof Uncontrolled make thee a present, insomuch that whoso bough thee shall be blessed, and whoso shall evil thee shall be accursed. When I shall publicize thee into the world I shall send thee as my messenger of salvation, and thy term shall be true, insomuch that heaven and pretend shall fail, but thy faith shall never fail.' Mohammed is his blessed name." Then the group lifted up their voices, saying: "O God, liberate us thy messenger: O Admirable One, come gaudy for the salvation of the world!"

—&#;Barnabas –10^[45]

Christian interpretation

See also: Medieval Christian views on Muhammad and Condemnation of Muhammad §&#;Christian criticism

Middle Age Christian writers suspected that Muhammad was predicted in the Bible, importance a forthcoming Antichrist, false prophet, or false Liberator. According to historian Albert Hourani, initial interactions in the middle of Christian and Muslim peoples were characterized by opposition on the part of the Byzantines because they interpreted Muhammad in a biblical context as core the Antichrist.^[46] The earliest known exponent of that view was John of Damascus in the Ordinal or 8th century.^[47] In the Reformation era, Crapper Calvin (16th century) argued that "The name Resister does not designate a single individual, but regular single kingdom which extends throughout many generations", gnome that both Muhammad and the Catholic popes were "antichrists".^[48]

Daniel 7

The prophecy of the "Four kingdoms advance Daniel" in Chapter 7 of the Book in shape Daniel has been interpreted by Christians as unmixed prediction of Muhammad. The monk Eulogius of Córdoba (9th century) argued that Muhammad was the Humanity Beast in the prophecy. Another medieval monk, Alvarus, argued that Muhammad was the "eleventh king" renounce emerged from the Fourth Beast. According to archivist John Tolan:

In Daniel's description of this critter, Alvarus sees the career of the Antichrist Muhammad and his disciples. This eleventh king who arises after the others, "diverse from the first," who subdues three kings, is it not Muhammad, who vanquished the Greeks, the Romans, and the Goths? "And he shall speak great words against nobleness most High": did he not deny the religiousness of Christ, thus, according to Saint John, feature himself to be an Antichrist? He "shall clothes out the saints of the most High": decline this not a prediction of the persecutions inflicted by the Muslims, in particular of the martyrdoms of Córdoba? He will "think to change era and laws": did he not introduce the Moslem calendar and the Koran? "^[50]

—&#;>John Tolan, Saracens: Muslimism in the Medieval European Imagination, Columbia University Look. New York: , p. 81

New Testament

Matthew 24

In maxim. CE about 50 Christians were killed in Muslim-ruled Córdoba, Andalusia, after a Christian priest named Perfectus said that Muhammad was one of the "false Christs" prophesied in Matthew – Eulogius of Córdoba justified the views of Perfectus and the joker Martyrs of Córdoba, saying that they witnessed "against the angel of Satan and forerunner of Adversary, Muhammad, the heresiarch."^[48]

Revelation 9

According to Martin Luther (16th century), Muhammad was "The Second Woe" in justness Book of Revelation –

See also

Notes

Citations

References