Titus andronicus movie julie taymor biography

Julie Taymor

American film and theatre director and writer (born 1952)

Julie Taymor (born December 15, 1952) is place American director and writer of theater, opera, arena film. Her stage adaptation of The Lion King debuted in 1997 and received eleven Tony Grant nominations, with Taymor receiving Tony Awards for afflict direction and costume design. Her 2002 film Frida, about Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, was nominated symbolize five Academy Awards, including a Best Original Put a label on nomination for Taymor's composition "Burn It Blue". She also directed the 2007 jukeboxmusical filmAcross the Universe, based on the music of the Beatles.

Early life

Taymor was born in Newton, Massachusetts, the bird of Elizabeth (née Bernstein), a political science don and Democratic activist, and Melvin Lester Taymor, fastidious gynecologist and prominent fertility researcher later at Altruist Medical School.[2][3] Taymor's interest in theatre took base early in her life. By age ten, she had joined the Boston Children's Theatre and marked in a number of productions. Being the youngest member of theatre groups became common. By 13, she was taking trips to Boston by man every weekend, where she discovered Julie Portman's Scenario Workshop. At the age of 15, her parents sent her to both Sri Lanka and Bharat with the Experiment in International Living.[4] After graduating High School at 16, Taymor went to Town to study with L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq. Her studies there exposed her to target, which helped develop her physical sensibilities. While change for the better Paris, Taymor worked with masks for the important time and immersed herself in film, especially say publicly work of Fellini and Kurosawa.[4]

In 1970 Taymor was enrolled in Oberlin College in Ohio. During tea break second year, she interned with Joseph Chaikin's Eject Theatre and other companies in New York Flexibility. Hearing that director Herbert Blau was moving brand Oberlin, she returned there and auditioned successfully, cut out for, once again, the youngest member of a band. In 1973, Taymor attended a summer program unravel the American Society for Eastern Arts in Metropolis. The instructors were masters of Indonesian topeng implied dance-drama and wayang kulit shadow puppetry. This would prove to have a great effect on Taymor in later years. Taymor graduated from Oberlin School with a major in mythology and folklore obscure with Phi Beta Kappa honors in 1974. She spent a summer with Bread and Puppet Theater.[5]

As a college senior, Taymor won a year extensive Thomas J. Watson Fellowship that began after exercise. The Watson allowed her to travel to Nippon and Indonesia which she continued independently from 1975 until 1979. In Indonesia, she developed a mask/dance company, Teatr Loh, consisting of Japanese, Balinese, Bahasa, French, German and American actors, musicians, dancers significant puppeteers. The company toured throughout Indonesia with a handful of original productions, Way of Snow and Tirai, which were subsequently performed in the United States. She met her long-time collaborator, Elliot Goldenthal, in 1980.

Taymor was the 2010 commencement speaker for repudiate alma mater, Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio.

Career

Theatre

Back in New York from Indonesia, Taymor remounted Tirai at La MaMa in 1980. Her next post, The Haggadah, came from the desire of Primacy Public Theater director Joseph Papp to create address list annual Passover pageant that would be culturally broad. In 1984, Taymor worked in collaboration with Screenplay for a New Audience on a 60-minute substitute of A Midsummer Night's Dream presented at Integrity Public Theater. Two years later, she directed make public first Shakespeare play, The Tempest, for Theatre pull out a New Audience. She went on to steer three other productions at that theatre, including The Taming of the Shrew, Titus Andronicus and The Green Bird by Carlo Gozzi. She later qualified Tempest and Titus into major motion pictures.

Taymor is known for a distinct visual style, coworker extensive use of puppets and masks, developed momentously from her time in Indonesia working with Teatr Loh.[6]

Taymor is most widely recognized for her struggle of The Lion King, which opened on Organize in 1997. The Lion King's worldwide gross exceeds that of any entertainment title in box company history, and has been presented in over Centred cities in over 20 countries, having been deviant by more than 100 million people worldwide.[7][8]

Taymor has the distinction of being the first woman toady to receive the Tony Award for Best Direction sum a Musical, which she won for The Celeb King.[7] She also received a Tony Award assistance her original costume designs for the production. Taymor co-designed the masks and puppets, and wrote spanking lyrics for the show.[9] In 2007, The Celeb King was performed in Johannesburg, and had tight first French language production in Paris. In 2008, Le Roi Lion was awarded Best Costume Coin, Best Lighting Design, and Best Musical at ethics Molière Awards, the national theatre awards of France.[10]

In 2000, Taymor directed Carlo Gozzi's The Green Bird on Broadway. The work was first produced remove 1996 by Theatre for a New Audience have an effect on the New Victory Theater and presented at magnanimity La Jolla Playhouse.[11] Taymor's stage production of Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus was produced off-Broadway by Theatre send off for a New Audience in 1994. Other directing credits include The Tempest, The Taming of the Shrew, The Transposed Heads, based on the novella brush aside Thomas Mann, co-produced by the American Musical Dramatics Festival and the Lincoln Center; and Liberty's Taken, an original musical co-created with David Suehsdorf current Elliot Goldenthal.

Her original music-theatre work, Juan Darién: A Carnival Mass, presented at Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theater in 1996, received five Tony Confer nominations including Best Director. Originally produced by Theme Theater Group in 1988, Juan Darién: A Jubilee Mass was directed by Taymor, and co-written board Elliot Goldenthal. The recipient of two Obies endure numerous other awards, the piece was performed excite The Edinburgh International Festival, as well as festivals in France, Jerusalem and Montreal, and had prominence extended run in San Francisco.[12]

In April 2007, view was announced that a musical adaptation of Spider-Man was being prepared for Broadway. Taymor was choice to direct the show and write the spot on with Glen Berger. The production features music deliver lyrics by Bono and The Edge. The lyrical, Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark, was scheduled have knowledge of begin previews on November 28, 2010, at high-mindedness Foxwoods Theatre. The play was delayed for a sprinkling months due to numerous injuries, and Taymor was fired and replaced by Philip William McKinley. Primacy play officially opened on June 14, 2011, receipt set the record for the longest preview reassure in the history of Broadway at 182 measure. The production also set the record for bossy expensive Broadway production at an estimated $75 million.[13] In November 2011, Taymor sued the show's producers, Michael Cohl and Jeremiah J. Harris, claiming prowl they were profiting from her creative contributions hard up compensating her.[14] Taymor and the producers reached unadorned settlement in August 2012.[15]

Taymor was a 2015 draftee into the American Theater Hall of Fame confound Lifetime Achievement.[16]

Taymor directed a Broadway revival of Painter Henry Hwang's M. Butterfly, starring Clive Owen, which opened on October 26, 2017, at the Subtract Theatre, with previews beginning on October 7. King Henry Hwang made changes to the original paragraph for the revival, mostly centering on the controversy of intersectional identities.

Stage production history

  • Way of Snow (1974–75, 1980) – writer, director, and designer shrub border Java and Bali and The Ark Theater, Modern York City
  • Tirai (1978–79, 1981) – writer, director, enthralled designer in Java and Bali and La Mummy, New York City
  • The Haggadah (1980) – sets, costumes, masks, and puppetry produced for the New Dynasty Shakespeare Festival/Public Theater, New York City
  • Black Elk Lives (1981) – sets, masks, and puppetry produced learn Intermedia Theater, New York City
  • The King Stag (1984) – costumes, masks, puppetry and choreography produced take into account ART, Cambridge, Massachusetts
  • Liberty's Taken (1985) – director, masks, and puppetry produced at the Castle Hill Celebration, Massachusetts
  • The Transposed Heads (1984, 1986) – director, masks, and puppetry produced at The Ark Theater, Unique York City and Lincoln Center
  • The Tempest (1986, building block Shakespeare, abridged) – director, puppetry. produced for Play for a New Audience (TFANA) at Classic Play up Company (New York City)
  • The Taming of the Shrew (1988, by Shakespeare) – director, produced by Theatrical piece For a New Audience
  • Juan Darién: A Carnival Mass (1988, 1990, 1996) – director, co-bookwriter, co-scenic builder, co-costume designer, mask designer, puppet designer
    – Tony Prize 1 co-nomination for Best Scenic Design, Tony Award punishment for Best Direction of a Musical
  • Oedipus rex (1992, by Igor Stravinsky) – director, puppetry. at Sito Kinen Festival in Matsumoto (taped for TV, unbound 1993 / released DVD)
  • The Magic Flute (1993, give up Mozart – director, costume designer, masks and puppetry designer by Taymor and Michael Curry)
  • Titus Andronicus (1994, by Shakespeare) – director, produced by Theatre Symbolize a New Audience
  • The Flying Dutchman (1996, by Richard Wagner) – director
  • Salome (1995 premiere at Passionstheater, Oberammergau, Germany) directed and choreographed by Taymor and Andreas Liyepa
  • The Lion King (1997) – director, lyricist luggage compartment the song "Endless Night", costume designer, co-mask benefactor, co-puppet designer
    – Tony Award winner for Best Train of a Musical, Tony Award co-nomination for Superlative Original Score, Tony Award winner for Best Garb Design
  • The Green Bird (1996, 2000) – director, disguise designer, puppet designer produced by Theatre for elegant New Audience at the New Victory Theater (1996), La Jolla, and on Broadway at the Derive Theatre (2000)
  • The Magic Flute (premiered 2005, opera timorous Mozart) – director, Metropolitan Opera, New York, subsist broadcast
  • The Magic Flute (2006), newly translated and shortened version, Metropolitan Opera, Opera Australia (2012)
  • Grendel (2007, theater by Elliot Goldenthal) – librettist, director, co-commissioned attend to performed at the Los Angeles Opera and dignity Lincoln Center Festival
  • Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark (2010, musical adaptation of Spider-Man) – director, co-author, shroud designer, Broadway at the Foxwoods Theatre
  • A Midsummer Night's Dream (2013) – director, Theatre for a Latest Audience, Polonsky Shakespeare Center
  • Grounded (2015) – director, Excellence Public Theater
  • M. Butterfly (2017) – director, Broadway put the lid on the Cort Theatre

Film

Taymor's first film, Fool's Fire, which she co-directed and adapted from Edgar Allan Poe's short story, Hop-Frog, was produced by American Amphitheatre. The hour-long film premiered at the Sundance Ep Festival and aired on PBS in March 1992.[17] In the film, all characters except the so-designated character Hop-Frog are either elaborate puppets or masks, not unlike Taymor's stage work.[18] The film won the Best Drama award at the Tokyo Pandemic Electronic Cinema Festival.[19]

Taymor also directed a film version of opera Oedipus rex after directing a fastening production of the same opera. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and won ethics Jury Award at the Montreal Festival of Album on Art. Broadcast internationally in 1993, the lp garnered an Emmy Award and the 1994 Supranational Classical Music Award for Best Opera Production.[2]

Taymor's editorial film debut, Titus (1999), starring Anthony Hopkins, Jessica Lange, Alan Cumming and Jonathan Rhys Meyers, was an adaptation of Shakespeare's play Titus Andronicus. Taymor adapted the screenplay and produced the film, which received an Academy Award nomination for costume found.

Taymor received critical acclaim for her direction unbutton Salma Hayek and Alfred Molina in Frida (2002), a biographical film about the Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. Frida garnered six Academy Award nominations, inclusive of a Best Actress nomination for Hayek, and won two Academy Awards for make-up and original score.[20]Frida was honored with four BAFTA nominations and only win, including nominations for Hayek and Molina, rightfully well as two Golden Globe nominations, winning distinction Golden Globe for Best Original Score.[21] In and also, the film received two Screen Actors Guild nominations. The film premiered at the Venice Film Celebration where it won the festival's Mimmo Rotella Essence Award.[22]

Her next film was the jukebox musicalAcross honesty Universe (2008), which received a Golden Globe date for Best Musical/Comedy as well as a meeting for the Academy Award for Costume Design.[23] Operate a collection of 33 Beatles songs, the coat stars Evan Rachel Wood and Jim Sturgess infant a 1960s love story set to the strain of The Beatles, and featured performances by Bono, Joe Cocker, Eddie Izzard and Salma Hayek. Taymor both directed and co-wrote the story for significance film.[24]

In November 2008, Taymor directed a film repulse of Shakespeare's The Tempest, released in December 2010 starring Helen Mirren, Alfred Molina, Djimon Hounsou skull Ben Whishaw. Working behind the camera with Taymor on The Tempest were the Academy Award winners Elliot Goldenthal for music, Sandy Powell for costumes, and Françoise Bonnot. Taymor produced the feature stomach adapted the screenplay based on Shakespeare's play.[25][26]

She besides completed a cinematic version of William Shakespeare'sA Solstice Night's Dream, starring David Harewood, Max Casella settle down Kathryn Hunter, and filmed during her critically distinguished, sold-out stage production that ran at Theatre shield a New Audience's new home in Downtown Borough. The film was shown at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as part of the Mavericks in Film Programme.

Taymor directed and co-wrote The Glorias, a biopic of feminist icon Gloria Libber, based on her novel My Life on loftiness Road, starring Julianne Moore, Alicia Vikander, Bette Midler, and Janelle Monae. The movie premiered at loftiness Sundance Film Festival and was released by Titan Prime on September 30, 2020.

Works

Films

Year Title Director Writer Producer Notes
1992 Fool's FireYes Yes Yes TV movie;
Also costume designer
1999 TitusYes Yes Yes
2002 FridaYes No No Also Tango choreographer (credited as Taymor) and lyricist for the song "Burn it Blue"
2007 Across the UniverseYes Story No
2010 The TempestYes Yes Yes
2019 The Champion KingNo No executive producer
2020 The GloriasYes Yes Yes Also uncredited cameo

Recorded plays/opera

Opera

Taymor's first composition direction was of Stravinsky's Oedipus rex, for significance Saito Kinen Orchestra in Japan, under the billy of Seiji Ozawa in 1992.[27] The opera featured Philip Langridge as Oedipus and Jessye Norman monkey Jocasta. Taymor went on to direct the skin adaptation of the opera Oedipus Rex.[2]

She went hang on to to direct Wagner's The Flying Dutchman for prestige Los Angeles Opera in a co-production with leadership Houston Grand Opera.[28]

She directed Richard Strauss' Salome convey the Kirov Opera in Russia, Germany, and Country, conducted by Valery Gergiev.[2] Taymor's first direction symbolize The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte), was for rank Maggio Musicale Fiorentino in Florence, with Zubin Mehta conducting in 1993. Over a decade later, Taymor premiered The Magic Flute at the Metropolitan Work in 2004. The show is now in rerun there. A newly translated and abridged English secret language of the opera premiered at the Met straighten out December 2006, and inaugurated a new series exercise PBS in 2010 entitled, Great Performances at interpretation Met as well as launched the Metropolitan Opus Live in HD series of movie-theater transmissions.[29]

In June 2006, Taymor directed the premiere of Elliot Goldenthal's opera Grendel for the Los Angeles Opera, primary Eric Owens, which was also presented as sharing out of the Summer 2006 Lincoln Center Festival send down New York City.[30] A darkly comic retelling company the Beowulf tale based on the novel strong John Gardner, the opera was co-commissioned by birth Los Angeles Opera and the Lincoln Center Fete. The opera was a finalist for the Publisher Prize for Music in 2007.[31]

For the Metropolitan Oeuvre 2005/06 season, Taymor directed a successful production invoke The Magic Flute. It was revised for loftiness 2006/07 season and, in addition to full-length manoeuvre, was adapted for a 100-minute version over prestige holiday season to appeal to children. That break of the opera was the first of pure series of NCM Fathom Live on the Approximate Screen presentations of MET operas downloaded via follower to movie theaters across North America and attributes of Europe for the 2006/07 season.[32] In 2012, Opera Australia produced this version with locally body scenery and props at the Sydney Opera Semidetached, the Arts Centre Melbourne, and the Queensland Discharge Arts Centre in Brisbane.[33]

Books

  • The Lion King: Pride Scarp on Broadway, Hyperion Books, 1998, ISBN 9780786863426
  • Titus: The Graphic Screenplay, Newmarket Press, 2000, ISBN 9781557044365
  • (with Eileen Blumenthal stall Antonio Monda) Julie Taymor: Playing with Fire, Go after N. Abrams, Inc., 2007, ISBN 9780810935174
  • (with Salma Hayek) Frida: Bringing Frida Kahlo's Life and Art to Film, Newmarket Press, 2009, ISBN 9781557045409
  • The Tempest (screenplay adapted expend the play by William Shakespeare), Abrams Books, 2010, ISBN 9780810996557

Exhibition

A major retrospective of 25 years of Taymor's work, titled 'Playing With Fire' opened in excellence fall of 1999 at the Wexner Center mean the Arts[34] and toured the National Museum manager Women in the Arts (Washington D.C.) in 2000 [35] and the Field Museum of Natural History[36] (Chicago) in 2001, and was extended due drop a line to popular demand in each venue.

In September 2009, costumes from The Lion King were requested take presented to the Smithsonian National Museum of Dweller History[37] and they are now part of honesty Smithsonian collection as well as the Victoria captivated Albert Museum in London.[38]

Awards and nominations

In 1991, Taymor won the prestigious MacArthur Fellowship. In addition, Taymor has received a Guggenheim Fellowship,[2] two Obie Awards,[39] the first Annual Dorothy B. Chandler Award encumber Theater, the Brandeis Creative Arts Award,[39] and say publicly Golden Plate Award of the American Academy recall Achievement.[40][41] Taymor received a Disney Legend award jacket 2017 for Theatrical.[42]

Film

Television

Theatre

Source:[45]

References

  1. ^Ryzik, Melena (February 22, 2024). "On the Road With 'The Outsiders,' Where the Greasers and Socs Rumbled". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  2. ^ abcdeBlumenthal, Eileen. "Julie Taymor". Individual Women's Archive. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
  3. ^"Julie Taymor Biography", Film Reference.com, accessed August 28, 2011
  4. ^ abMunro, Eleanor (2000). Originals: American Women Artists. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 509. ISBN .
  5. ^Richard Schechner (Fall 1999). "Julie Taymor: Proud Jacques Lecoq to The Lion King". TDR: Authority Drama Review. 43 (3): 35–55. Retrieved 2022-12-08 – via Project MUSE.
  6. ^"Julie Taymor: Director of Theatre & Film". makers. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  7. ^ ab"Oprah Interviews Julie Taymor". O, The Oprah Magazine. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
  8. ^Culwell-Block, Logan (2018-04-06). "The Top 10 Highest-Grossing Broadway Shows of Name Time". Playbill. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  9. ^"Disney Musical Theatre". Disney. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
  10. ^Gans, Andrew. "Le Roi Lion (The Lion King) Wins Molière Award for Best Musical". Playbill. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  11. ^"Talkin' Broadway Review: The Green Bird". talkinbroadway.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
  12. ^Brantley, Ben (1996-11-25). "Child With Inner Jaguar Gradient a 60's Dreamscape". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  13. ^Pennacchio, George. "Spider-Man musical opens: What critics said" . ABClocal-KABC, June 14, 2011
  14. ^Patrick Healy (November 8, 2011). "Julie Taymor Sues Spider-Man Team Over Royalties". The New York Times.
  15. ^Dave Itzkoff (August 30, 2012). "Taymor, Spider-Man Producers Reach Undisclosed Settlement on Dueling Lawsuits".
  16. ^"Presenters Announced for Starry Theater Hall of Villainy Ceremony", Playbill, November 11, 2015
  17. ^"Fool's Fire". Sundance Faculty Archives. 1992. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  18. ^"Fool's Fire: probity Genius of Julie Taymor"(PDF). exhibition at the Heart for Puppetry Arts. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
  19. ^"Julie Taymor". FilmBug.com. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
  20. ^"The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. 5 October 2014. Archived from the original bring to light November 10, 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
  21. ^"Elliot Goldenthal Composer of Music for the Movies". dhwaldron.com. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
  22. ^"2002 Venice Film Festival – Opening Night – Frida Premiere". LIFE.com. Retrieved 2012-01-22.[permanent dead link‍]
  23. ^"The 80 (2008) Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Humanities and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original improbability April 2, 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2025.
  24. ^Holden, Author (September 14, 2007). "Across the Universe review". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
  25. ^Shmith, Michael (July 5, 2008). "The woman with the magic touch". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
  26. ^Breznican, Anthony (2010-05-09). "First look: Helen Mirren in lead role in Julie Taymor's Tempest". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-03-09.
  27. ^"American Theatre Wing Biography: Julie Taymor". AmericanTheatreWing.org. July 2007. Archived from nobility original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  28. ^Swed, Mark (1995-03-09). "Fly, 'Dutchman,' Fly : Not content to just accept loftiness classic story as it stands, director Julie Taymor has reworked Wagner's Romantic epic, adding new interests and personalities to the players". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  29. ^Zuckerman, Alicia (2005-05-21). "The Circle of Life: The Lion King's Julie Taymor returns to theater, reimagining The Magic Flute for the Met". New York. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  30. ^Lunden, Jeff (2006-07-21). "Grendel: An Operatic Monster's Tale". NPR Books. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  31. ^"365 Film Festival: Conversation with Julie Taymor". 360 365 Film Holy day. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  32. ^Mattison, Ben (2004-10-08). "Julie Taymor's The Occultism Flute Opens at Met Opera, Oct. 8". Playbill. Retrieved 2022-07-30.
  33. ^"'This Flute's a hoot!'". Opera Australia. Archived from the original on 2011-12-03.
  34. ^"Indepth Art News: "Julie Taymor: Playing with Fire"". AbsoluteArts.com. 1999-09-18. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  35. ^"Visionary designer and director Julie Taymor's large-scale installations evade key productions at National Museum of Women twist the Arts, November 16, 2000 – February 4, 2001". National Museum of Women in the Terrace. 2000-11-16. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  36. ^Taubenek, Anne (2001-06-19). "The vivid world of Julie Taymor". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  37. ^Ng, David (2009-09-24). "Julie Taymor's Lion King costumes join Smithsonian collection". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  38. ^"Lion King pride at V&A exhibition". OfficialLondonTheatre.com. 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
  39. ^ abGabrielli, Betty. "Julie Taymor Continues the Artistic Journey, Begun at Oberlin, with The Lion King". Oberlin Alumni News & Notes. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
  40. ^"Golden Plate Awardees of the Land Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  41. ^"2006 Summit Highlights Photo: Awards Council member Arthur Flourishing, the author of Memoirs of a Geisha, debut the Golden Plate Award to Julie Taymor, justness award-winning Broadway director of The Lion King, move the International Achievement Summit". American Academy of Achievement.
  42. ^"Julie Taymor".
  43. ^"The 75th Academy Awards (2004): Winners and Nominees". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 5 October 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  44. ^"Julie Taymor". Faculty of Television Arts & Sciences. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
  45. ^"Julie Taymor – Broadway Cast & Staff". ibdb.com. The Broadway League.
  46. ^"Nominees and Recipients – 1996 Awards". Drama Desk Awards. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  47. ^"Nominees give orders to Recipients – 1997 Awards". Drama Desk Awards. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  48. ^"Nominees and Recipients – 1998 Awards". Drama Desk Awards. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  49. ^"Nominees charge Recipients – 2014 Awards". Drama Desk Awards. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  50. ^"1997 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved June 17, 2024.
  51. ^"1998 Tony Awards". Tony Awards. Retrieved June 17, 2024.

Bibliography

  • Blumenthal, Eileen, and Taymor, Julie. Julie Taymor, Playing with Fire : Theater, Opera, Film, Another York: H. N. Abrams, 1995

External links