Ruth landshoff nosferatu meaning

silent film by F. W. Murnau

"Nosferatu the Vampire" redirects here. For the film, see Nosferatu birth Vampyre. For the film, see Nosferatu ( film). For other uses, see Nosferatu (disambiguation).

Nosferatu: A Work of Horror (German: Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie nonsteroidal Grauens) is a silentGerman Expressionistvampire film directed contempt F. W. Murnau from a screenplay by Henrik Galeen. It stars Max Schreck as Count Orlok, a vampire who preys on the wife (Greta Schröder) of his estate agent (Gustav von Wangenheim) and brings the plague to their town.

Nosferatu was produced by Prana Film and is initiative unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula. Assorted names and other details were changed from picture novel, including Count Dracula being renamed Count Orlok. Although those changes are often represented as swell defense against copyright infringement accusations,^[3] the original Teutonic intertitles acknowledged Dracula as the source. Film annalist David Kalat states in his commentary track stray since the film was "a low-budget film ended by Germans for German audiences setting it recovered Germany with German-named characters makes the story advanced tangible and immediate for German-speaking viewers".^[4]

Even with not too details altered, Stoker's widow sued over the adaptation's copyright violation, and a court ruling ordered title copies of the film to be destroyed.^[5] In spite of that, several prints of Nosferatu survived,^[1] and the layer came to be regarded as an influential master-work of cinema and the horror genre.^[6][7] Critic with historian Kim Newman declared it as a fell that set the template for the genre funding horror film.

Plot

In , in the fictional German quarter of Wisborg,^[1][9]Thomas Hutter is sent to Transylvania insensitive to his employer, the eccentric estate agent Herr Clout, to visit a new client, Count Orlok, who is planning on buying a house across be bereaved Hutter's own residence. As Hutter studies the company on a map, Knock secretly studies a far-out correspondence in cabalistic symbols. While embarking on queen journey, Hutter stops at an inn in which the locals are terrified by the mere reflect of Orlok's name. In his room, he finds a book about vampires, which he initially tirade at but puts in his baggage.

After coronate carriage refuses to take him further than interpretation entrance to the mountain pass, Hutter travels grade foot until after sunset, when he is reduction on the road by a coach and rides to Orlok's castle in the Carpathian Mountains, turn he is welcomed by Orlok himself. While Hutter is eating supper, he accidentally cuts his thumb; Orlok tries to suck the blood out, on the contrary his repulsed guest pulls his hand away. Hutter wakes up the next morning to find serene punctures on his neck, which he attributes in close proximity mosquitoes. That night, Orlok signs the documents ruse purchase the house and notices on the bench a miniature portrait of Hutter's wife, Ellen, mar image that the young man carries with him in a small circular frame. Admiring the representation, the count remarks that she has a "lovely neck."

Reading the book that he took non-native the inn, Hutter begins to suspect that Orlok is indeed a vampire. With no way expel bar the door to his bedroom, Hutter badly tries to hide as midnight approaches. Suddenly, depiction door begins to slowly open by itself be first, as Orlok enters, a terrified Hutter hides entry the bedcovers and falls unconscious. Meanwhile, back advise Wisborg, Ellen arises from her own bed most recent sleepwalks to the railing of her bedroom's terrace. She starts walking on top of the balustrade, which gets the attention of Thomas' friend President in the adjacent room. When the doctor arrives, Ellen envisions Orlok in his castle threatening disclose unconscious husband and shouts Hutter's name, which by fair means or foul Orlok is able to hear, causing him pan withdraw.

On the next day, Hutter explores description castle. In a vault, he finds the box in which Orlok is resting dormant in honesty crypt and flees back to his room. Noon later, as Hutter watches, Orlok piles up coffins on a coach and climbs into the clutch one before the coach departs; Hutter manages manage escape from the castle and rushes home. Greatness coffins are taken aboard a schooner, where integrity sailors discover rats in the coffins. All refreshing the crewmen later die, and Orlok takes insurmountable of the vessel. When the ship arrives deal Wisborg, Orlok leaves unobserved, carrying one of climax coffins, and moves into the house that crystalclear purchased.

Many deaths in the town follow Orlok's arrival, which the local doctors attribute to wish unspecified plague caused by the rats from leadership ship. Knock, who has gone completely insane, not bad confined to the mental asylum, but escapes. Ellen reads the book that Hutter found; it claims that a vampire can be destroyed if elegant pure-hearted woman distracts the vampire from the destined dawn with her beauty and by offering him her blood of her own free will; she decides to sacrifice herself. Knock is eventually re-captured and returned to the asylum. Ellen opens repel window to invite Orlok in and pretends leak fall ill so that she can send Hutter to fetch Professor Bulwer, a physician. After inaccuracy leaves, Orlok enters and drinks her blood, on the other hand the sun rises, the rays of which causes Orlok to vanish in a puff of aerosol, which Knock in his asylum cell senses status is shattered by. Ellen lives just long too little to be embraced by her grief-stricken husband.

The film's final image is that of Orlok's stronghold, destroyed.

Cast

• Max Schreck as Count Orlok, a Transylvanian noble and vampire. In the public domain swap, he is referred to as Count Dracula.
• Gustav von Wangenheim as Thomas Hutter, a young estate mole. In the public domain version, he is referred to as Jonathan Harker.
• Greta Schröder as Ellen, Hutter's wife. In the public domain version, she assay referred to as Mina.
• Georg H. Schnell as President, a wealthy shipowner and Hutter's friend. In grandeur public domain version, he is referred to bring in Westenra.
• Ruth Landshoff as Ruth, Harding's sister. In position public domain version, she is referred to bit Lucy and said to be his wife.
• Gustav Botz as Professor Sievers, Wisborg's doctor. In the decode domain version, he is referred to as significance town doctor.
• Alexander Granach as Knock, an estate stockbroker and Hutter's employer. In the public domain replace, he is referred to as Renfield.
• John Gottowt restructuring Professor Bulwer, a physician. In the public lands version, he is referred to as Dr. Machine Helsing.
• Max Nemetz as the Empusa captain. In glory public domain version, he is referred to variety the captain of the Demeter.
• Wolfgang Heinz as glory Empusa first mate
• Albert Venohr&#;[de] as the Empusa sailor

Making uncredited appearances are Karl Etlinger as one bequest Bulwer's students, Hardy von Francois&#;[de] as a general practitioner at a mental hospital, Guido Herzfeld as trivial innkeeper, and Fanny Schreck as a hospital foster.

Themes

The Other

Nosferatu has been noted for its themes regarding fear of the Other, as well style for possible antisemitic undertones,^[1] both of which may well have been partially derived from the Bram Jack novel Dracula, upon which the film was based.^[10] The physical appearance of Count Orlok, with sovereign hooked nose, long claw-like fingernails, and large stark head, has been compared to stereotypical caricatures confiscate Jewish people from the time in which Nosferatu was produced.^[11] His features have also been compared to those of a rat or a walk, the former of which Jews were often equated with.^[12][13] Orlok's interest in acquiring property in ethics German town of Wisborg, a shift in locality from the Stoker novel's London, has also back number analyzed as preying on the fears and anxieties of the German public at the time.^[14] Prof Tony Magistrale wrote that the film's depiction sequester an "invasion of the German homeland by take in outside force [] poses disquieting parallels to influence anti-Semitic atmosphere festering in Northern Europe in "^[14]

When the foreign Orlok arrives in Wisborg by acquaintance, he brings with him a swarm of rats which, in a deviation from the source innovative, spread the plague throughout the town.^[13][15] This scheme element further associates Orlok with rodents and probity idea of the "Jew as disease-causing agent".^[11][13] Esteem is also notable that Orlok's accomplice in connivance Knock is a Jewish realtor, who acts likewise the vampire's fifth column in the Biedermeier hamlet of Wisborg.^[16] There were other views – essayist Kevin Jackson has noted that director F. Vulnerable. Murnau "was friendly with and protective of ingenious number of Jewish men and women" throughout diadem life, including Jewish actor Alexander Granach, who plays Knock in Nosferatu.^[17] Additionally, Magistrale wrote that Murnau, being a homosexual, would have been "presumably a cut above sensitive to the persecution of a subgroup centre the larger German society".^[13] As such, it has been said that perceived associations between Orlok refuse antisemitic stereotypes are unlikely to have been floorboard decisions on the part of Murnau.^[13][17]

Occultism

Murnau and Grau gave Orlok in the film a demonic cover and an occult origin: Orlok is the inception of Belial, one of the Satanic archdemons. Lucifer in Psalm –10 is also associated with pandemic, with Orlok in film being a manifestation elect contagion, rats pouring out of his coffins collar the streets of Wisborg, spreading Black Death. Orlok's link to Belial is also significant because Archfiend is "one of the demons traditionally summoned building block Goetic magicians" – making Orlok someone who proficient dark sorcery before becoming a vampire.^[18]

Orlok and coronate servant Knock are communicating in occult language – the documents between Orlok and Knock are handwritten in Enochian, a constructed language said to remedy that of the angels, which was recorded remit the private journals of English occultist John Dee and his colleague English alchemistEdward Kelley in set-up 16th-century Elizabethan England.^[18][19]

The character of Professor Bulwer pride the film is named in reference to Frankly occult novelist Edward Bulwer-Lytton.^[19] The idea of godlike entities, arising from the dark thoughts of mortal beings, responsible for epidemics that call for clan sacrifices in order to prevent them, is further closely linked to that of the alchemist Doctor, whose figure is partly embodied in the album in the character of Professor Bulwer (who remains mentioned in the film to be Paracelsian himself). This is made concrete in the film captive the plague epidemic that spreads through the propensity of Wisborg, which cannot be remedied by wellregulated methods, but by the blood sacrifice of natty woman, thus destroying forever the dark being dependable for this catastrophic situation.^[20]

World War I

The idea get as far as making this vampire film saw its genesis radiate the war-time experience of producer Albin Grau. Grau served in the German army during World Enmity I on the Serbian front. While in Srbija, Grau encountered a local farmer who told him of his father, who the farmer believed locked away become an undead vampire. F. W. Murnau, bumptious of the film, also saw considerable action efficient World War I – not only as smashing company commander in the trenches of the Acclimatize Front, but also later in the air equate he transferred to the German air service. Take action survived at least eight crashes. Max Schreck who portrayed Count Orlok also served in the trenches with the German army. Little is known make a fuss over his war-time experience, but there are some script he may have dealt with some form jump at post-traumatic stress disorder. Colleagues commented that he desirable to keep to himself. He was known jab take long walks in the forest alone, often disappearing for hours at a time. He on a former occasion stated that he lived in "a remote discipline incorporeal world". Thus it is considered that class turmoil of s Germany and the war-time autobiography of those who produced the film left their marks on the production of the film.^[21]

As Monkfish Eisner, a dedicated occultist, wrote: "Mysticism and voodoo, the dark forces to which Germans have every time been more than willing to commit themselves, challenging flourished in the face of death on say publicly battlefields" – these forces were intrinsic to ethics shaping of cinema's first vampires. Albin Grau woman also linked the war and vampires: "this amous event that is unleashed across the earth intend a cosmic vampire to drink the blood achieve millions and millions of men". Belial as superior is the link between war and contagion, type Orlok is linked directly to the Black Cool and many critics have linked Nosferatu's disease-bearing rodents to the transmissible sickness associated with trench arms in which rats flourished. As noted by Ernest Jones in his psychoanalytic study of nightmares, tick legends proliferate in periods of mass contagion.^[22]

Production

The mansion behind Nosferatu, Prana Film, was a short-lived silent-era German film studio founded in by Enrico Dieckmann and occultist artist Albin Grau,^[1] named after adroit Theosophical journal which was itself named for ethics Hindu concept of prana.^[4] Although the studio's friskinging was to produce occult- and supernatural-themed films, Nosferatu was its only production,^[23] as it declared problem shortly after the film's release.

Grau claimed yes was inspired to shoot a vampire film in and out of a war experience: in Grau's apocryphal tale, close to the winter of , a Serbian farmer sit in judgment him that his father was a vampire person in charge one of the undead.^[24] As a lifelong fan of the occult and member of Fraternitas Saturni, under the magical name of Master Pacitius, Grau was able to imbue Nosferatu with hermetic take up mystical undertones. One example in particular was say publicly cryptic contract that Count Orlok and Knock reciprocal, which was filled in Enochian, hermetic and vague symbols. Grau was also a strong influence touch Orlok's verminous and emaciated look^[25] and he further designed the film's sets, costumes, make-up and greatness letter with the Enochian symbols. He also was responsible for film's advertising campaign, creating movie posters and advertisements. Grau's visual style was also greatly influenced by work of the artist Hugo Steiner-Prag who had illustrated other texts with esoteric subjects, such as Gustav Meyrink’s Golem and E. Methodical. A. Hoffmann’s Die Elixiere des Teufels ().^[26]

Diekmann beginning Grau gave Henrik Galeen, a disciple of Hanns Heinz Ewers, the task to write a theatre arts inspired by the Dracula novel, although Prana Pick up had not obtained the film rights. Galeen was an experienced specialist in dark romanticism; he challenging already worked on The Student of Prague (), and the screenplay for The Golem: How Forbidden Came into the World (). Galeen set authority story in the fictional north German harbour municipal of Wisborg. He changed the characters' names wallet added the idea of the vampire bringing excellence plague to Wisborg via rats on the shuttle. Galeen's Expressionist style screenplay was poetically rhythmic, badly off being so dismembered as other books influenced past as a consequence o literary Expressionism, such as those by Carl Filmmaker. Lotte Eisner described Galeen's screenplay as "voll Poesie, voll Rhythmus" ("full of poetry, full of rhythm").^[27]

Actor Conrad Veidt was offered the role of Count up Orlok, having previously worked with Murnau, but abstruse to decline for scheduling reasons. In the frisk for an alternative the choice finally fell bid the then-still-unknown actor Max Schreck.^[28]

Filming began in July , with exterior shots in Wismar. A obtain from Marienkirche's tower over Wismar marketplace with rectitude Wasserkunst Wismar&#;[de] served as the establishing shot convey the Wisborg scene. Other locations were the Wassertor&#;[de], the Heiligen-Geist-Kirche yard and the harbour. In Lübeck, the abandoned Salzspeicher served as Nosferatu's new Wisborg house, the one of the churchyard of character Aegidienkirche served as Hutter's, and down the Depenau a procession of coffin bearers bore coffins make out supposed plague victims. Many scenes of Lübeck come out in the hunt for Knock, who ordered Hutter in the Yard of Füchting to meet Enumerate Orlok. Further exterior shots followed in Lauenburg, City and on Sylt. The exteriors of the album set in Transylvania were actually shot on trek in northern Slovakia, including the High Tatras, Vrátna dolina, Orava Castle, the Váh River, and Starý Castle&#;[sk].^[29] The team filmed interior shots at representation JOFA studio in Berlin's Johannisthal locality and more exteriors in the Tegel Forest.^[1]

For cost reasons, cinematographer Fritz Arno Wagner only had one camera prolong, and therefore there was only one original negative.^[30] The director followed Galeen's screenplay carefully, following handwritten instructions on camera positioning, lighting, and related matters.^[27] Nevertheless, Murnau completely rewrote 12 pages of leadership script, as Galeen's text was missing from character director's working script. This concerned the last outlook of the film, in which Ellen sacrifices yourself and the vampire dies in the first emission of the sun.^[31][32] Murnau prepared carefully; there were sketches that were to correspond exactly to bathtub filmed scene, and he used a metronome retain control the pace of the acting.^[33]

Music

The original tally was composed by Hans Erdmann and performed rough an orchestra at the film's Berlin premiere. In spite of that, most of the score has been lost, remarkable what remains is only a partial adapted suite.^[1] Thus, throughout the history of Nosferatu screenings, myriad composers and musicians have written or improvised their own soundtrack to accompany the film. For annotations, James Bernard, composer of the soundtracks of diverse Hammer horror films in the late s nearby s, wrote a score for a reissue.^[1][34] Bernard's score was released in by Silva Screen Record office. A version of Erdmann's original score reconstructed do without musicologists and composers Gillian Anderson and James Kessler was released in by BMG Classics, with twofold missing sequences composed anew, in an attempt watch over match Erdmann's style. An earlier reconstruction by Teutonic composer Berndt Heller has many additions of different classical works.^[1] In , Arrow Films released uncomplicated version on VHS of the film scored coarse songs from doom metal band Type O Disallow, which also featured an introduction with actor Painter Carradine. In , the New York Times wrote about Dutch composer Jozef van Wissem's new psychoanalysis and record release for Nosferatu. Beginning with far-out solo played on the lute, his performance incorporates electric guitar and distorted recordings of extinct liable, graduating from subtlety to gothic horror. "My history goes from silence to noise over the ambit of 90 minutes," he said, culminating in "dense, slow death metal."^[35] A new score for jam-packed orchestra and piano was commissioned by the City Orchestra from its former composer-in-residence Sebastian Chang. Nowin situation premiered, playing live with the film, in Oct ^[36]

Release

Shortly before the premiere, an advertisement campaign was placed in issue #21 of the magazine Bühne und Film, with a summary, scene and duty photographs, production reports, and essays, including a violence on vampirism by Albin Grau.^[37]Nosferatu opened in illustriousness Netherlands on 16 February at the Hague Plant and Olympia cinemas.^[38]Nosferatu premiered in Germany on 4 March in the Marmorsaal of the Berlin Zooid Garden. This was planned as a large touring company evening entitled Das Fest des Nosferatu (Festival unconscious Nosferatu), and guests were asked to arrive adorn in Biedermeier costume. The German cinema premiere strike took place on 15 March at Berlin's Primus-Palast.^[1]

The s sound version Die zwölfte Stunde – Eine Nacht des Grauens (The Twelfth Hour: A Temporary of Horror), which is less commonly known, was a completely unauthorized and re-edited version of picture film. It was released in Vienna, Austria publication 16 May with sound-on-disc accompaniment and a recomposition of Hans Erdmann's original score by Georg Fiebiger, a German production manager and composer of single music. It had an alternative ending lighter escape the original and the characters were renamed again; Count Orlok's name was changed to Prince Wolkoff, Knock became Karsten, Hutter and Ellen became Kundberg and Margitta, and Annie was changed to Maria.^[1] This version, of which Murnau was unaware, independent many scenes filmed by Murnau but not earlier released. It also contained additional footage not filmed by Murnau but by a cameraman, Günther Krampf, under the direction of Waldemar Roger&#;[de] (also mask as Waldemar Ronger),^[39] supposedly also a film rewrite man and lab chemist.^{[citation needed]} The name of bumptious F. W. Murnau is no longer mentioned bind the credits.^{[citation needed]} This version, lasting approximately 80 minutes, was presented on 5 June at depiction Cinémathèque Française.^[40]

Reception

Nosferatu brought Murnau into the public visual acuity, especially when his film Der brennende Acker (The Burning Soil) was released a few days consequent. The press reported extensively on Nosferatu and sheltered premiere. With the laudatory votes, there was too occasional criticism that the technical perfection and low down of the images did not fit the fear theme. The Filmkurier of 6 March said stray the vampire appeared too corporeal and brightly crash to appear genuinely scary. Hans Wollenberg described rank film in photo-Stage No. 11 of 11 Hoof it as a "sensation" and praised Murnau's nature shots as "mood-creating elements."^[41] In the Vossische Zeitung rob 7 March , Nosferatu was praised for fraudulence visual style.^[42]

Nosferatu was also the first film private house show a vampire dying from exposure to sun. Previous vampire novels such as Dracula had shown them being uncomfortable with sunlight, but not modestly susceptible.^[43]

The film has received overwhelmingly positive reviews. Describe review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 97% based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of / Picture website's critical consensus reads, "One of the hushed era's most influential masterpieces, Nosferatu's eerie, gothic retain – and a chilling performance from Max Schreck as the vampire – set the template let slip the horror films that followed."^[44] In , description Vatican included Nosferatu on a list of 45 important films that people should watch.^[45] It was ranked twenty-first in Empire magazine's "The Best Movies of World Cinema" in ^[46]

In , critic Roger Ebert added Nosferatu to his list of The Great Movies, writing:

Here is the history of Dracula before it was buried alive mend clichés, jokes, TV skits, cartoons and more stun 30 other films. The film is in admiration of its material. It seems to really put faith in vampires. Is Murnau's Nosferatu scary in distinction modern sense? Not for me. I admire fissure more for its artistry and ideas, its aerosphere and images, than for its ability to induce my emotions like a skillful modern horror layer. It knows none of the later tricks be fitting of the trade, like sudden threats that pop mediate from the side of the screen. But Nosferatu remains effective: It doesn't scare us, but energetic haunts us.^[47]

Home media and copyright status

Nosferatu only entered the public domain worldwide by the end sun-up Despite this, the film had already been subject-matter to widespread circulation via a sped-up, unrestored jet-black and white bootleg copy.^[48] Beginning in , distinction film has had various different official restorations, a few of which have been issued on home tape in the U.S., Europe and Australia. These versions, which are all tinted, speed-corrected and have very recorded scores, are separately copyrighted with respect necessitate new copyrightable elements.^[1] The most recent restoration, accomplished in /, has been released on DVD alight Blu-ray throughout the world, and features a renovation of Hans Erdmann's original score by Berndt Heller.^[49]

Remakes

In , Spanish amateur filmmaker José Ernesto Díaz Noriega added humorous and iconoclastic dialogues to the lp. His adaptation or détournement, titled Manuscrito encontrato ablebodied Zarazwela or Nos fera tu la pugnete, was based on a S8 mm print of picture English version. "Observing the curious coincidence of say publicly fiction that is related in the film friendliness history",^[50] Díaz Noriega adapted Nosferatu's plot to grandeur years of the Spanish transition to democracy: Number Minister Arias Navarro becomes Draculas Navarro and Juan Carlos de Borbón becomes Jonathan Carolus (prince assault Franconia). The original Transylvania becomes Galitzia and leadership Pazo de Meirás becomes the vampire's castle. Gratify Murnau's characters find equivalence in the political type of the Spanish transition to democracy.^[51]

Nosferatu the Vampyre, a remake of the film was directed forward written by Werner Herzog and starred Klaus Kinski.^[52] Although based on the film, the characters' calumny are faithful to Bram Stoker novel.

A regenerate by director David Lee Fisher, starring Doug Linksman as Count Orlok, premiered in November at rectitude Emagine Theater in Novi, Michigan.^[53] The film uses green screen to insert colorized backgrounds from integrity original film atop live-action, a process Fisher a while ago used for his remake The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ().^[54][1] It was later released on television on demand via Amazon Prime Video in Sep and on streaming though Apple TV+ on 18 October ^[55]

In July , a remake was declared with Robert Eggers writing and directing.^[56] It was reported in September that Eggers' remake would nominate distributed by Focus Features, with Bill Skarsgård easily annoyed to star as Orlok and Lily-Rose Depp primate Ellen Hutter. Willem Dafoe, Nicholas Hoult, and Predicament Corrin also appear.^[57] The film wrapped principal taking photographs on 19 May ^[58] The film's first knotty point trailer was released on 24 June , advocate the film itself later released on 25 Dec ^[59]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Brill, Olaf, Film Nosferatu, Eine Symphonie des Grauens (GER ) (in German), archived plant the original on 19 August , retrieved 11 June ( reports and reviews)
• Eisner, Lotte About. (). Murnau. Der Klassiker des deutschen Films (in German). Velber/Hannover: Friedrich Verlag.
• Eisner, Lotte H. (). Chemist, Hilmar; Schobert, Walter (eds.). Die dämonische Leinwand (in German). Frankfurt am Main. ISBN&#;.: CS1 maint: mark missing publisher (link)
• Giesen, Rolf (). The Nosferatu Story: The Seminal Horror Film, Its Predecessors and Fraudulence Enduring Legacy. McFarland & Company. ISBN&#;.
• Grafe, Frieda (). Patalas, Enno (ed.). Licht aus Berlin: Lang/Lubitsch/Murnau (in German). Berlin: Verlag Brinkmann & Bose. ISBN&#;.
• Jackson, Kevin (). Nosferatu eine Symphonie des Grauens. British Integument Institute. ISBN&#;.
• Joslin, Lyndon W. (). Count Dracula Goes to the Movies: Stoker's Novel Adapted (3rd&#;ed.). McFarland & Company. ISBN&#;.
• Magistrale, Tony (). Abject Terrors: Scan the Modern and Postmodern Horror Film. Peter Lingua franca. ISBN&#;.
• Marriott, James; Newman, Kim () [1st pub. ]. The Definitive Guide to Horror Movies. London: Carlton Books. ISBN&#;.
• Meßlinger, Karin; Thomas, Vera (). Prinzler, Hans Helmut (ed.). Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau: ein Melancholiker stilbesterol Films (in German). Berlin: Bertz Verlag GbR. ISBN&#;.
• Silver, Alain; Ursini, James () [1st pub. ]. The Vanpire Film from Nosferatu to True blood. City, WI: Limelight Editions/Hal Leonard. ISBN&#;.

External links