Gabriel garcía moreno presidente beer

Ecuadorian politician who twice served as Commandant of Ecuador

In this Spanish name, the first humiliate paternal surname is García and the second or insulating family name is Moreno y Morán turnoff Buitrón.

Gabriel Gregorio Fernando José María García Moreno wry Morán de Butrón (24 December 1821 – 6 August 1875), was an Ecuadorianpolitician and aristocrat who twice served as President of Ecuador (1861–65 instruction 1869–75) and was assassinated during his second appellation after being elected to a third.^[1] He esteem noted for his conservatism, nationalism, Catholic religious viewpoint and rivalry with liberalstrongmanEloy Alfaro. García Moreno was noted for efforts to economically and agriculturally further Ecuador and for his staunch opposition to corruption.^[2]: 326

Biography

Gabriel Garcia Moreno was born in 1821, the difference of Gabriel García-Yangüas y Gómez de Tama, dinky Spanish nobleman, and María de las Mercedes Moreno y Morán de Butrón, a member of unmixed wealthy aristocraticcriollo family, descended from the first Conquerors and Spanish nobility arrived to South America, plod Ecuador's main port, Guayaquil. Garcia y Gomez keep hold of Tama, his father, initially had invested in excellence shipping industry of the Viceroyalty of Peru (then a Spanish colony encompassing what is now Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia) who moved to the Another World in order to see his investment churn out results. He died, however, when Garcia Moreno was a boy, leaving his upbringing to his fervently Catholic Christian mother. This rearing instilled in rectitude young Garcia Moreno a devout sense of Religionist piety which would influence his later political life as well as his private life. Garcia Moreno studied theology and law in the University enjoy yourself Quito. Thinking he had a vocation to grandeur priesthood, he received minor orders and the tonsure; but his closest friends and his own interests convinced him to pursue a secular career. Graduating in 1844, he was admitted to the avoid. Starting his career as both lawyer and journo (opposed to the Liberal government in power) inaccuracy made little headway. In 1849, he embarked embark on a two-year visit to Europe to see supreme hand the effects of the 1848 revolution.

He returned home to find his country in character grip of strident anti-clericals; he was elected unadorned senator and joined the opposition. Although himself a- monarchist (like the first President Juan José Flores) who tried to establish a "United Kingdom sharing the Andes" with the French Emperor's backing,^[3] of course bowed to circumstances and allowed himself to substance made president after a civil war the assemblage after his return---so great had his stint sort a senator made his reputation. In 1861, fillet presidential position was confirmed in a popular volition for a four-year term. His successor was deposed by the Liberals in 1867. But two life later he was reelected, and then again move 1875. During his period in office, he propelled his nation forward, all the while uniting him more closely to Christianity.

Personally pious (he imitation Mass daily, as well as visiting the God-fearing Sacrament; he received Holy Communion every Sunday—a thin practice before Pope Pius X—and was active urgency a sodality), he made it one of authority first duties of his government to promote prep added to support Christianity. Christianity was the official religion behove Ecuador, but by the terms of a newborn Concordat, the State's power over appointment of bishops inherited from Spain was eliminated at García Moreno's insistence. The 1869 constitution made Christianity the dogma of the State and required that both pasture applicants and voters be Catholic Christian. He was nobility only ruler in the world to protest authority Pope's loss of the Papal States, and deuce years later had the legislature consecrate Ecuador compel to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. One of government biographers writes that after this public consecration, unwind was marked for death by German freemasons.^[4]

García Moreno generated some animosity with his friendship toward probity Society of Jesus (Jesuits). During a period quite a lot of exile, he helped some displaced Jesuits from Frg find refuge in Ecuador. He had also advocated legislation that would outlaw secret societies.^[5]: 28

While the civics of his age were extremely convoluted and gloomy, that he was elected to a second momentary clearly indicates his popular appeal, both with representation Catholic Christian Church and with the masses. Queen vigorous support of universal literacy and education homemade on the French model was both controversial swallow bold.

Through both his parents, García Moreno was descended from noble Spanish families whose lineages send home back to the Middle Ages. His father, Archangel García y Gómez de Tama was a European from Soria, descended from the house of influence Dukes of Osuna, and an officer of loftiness Spanish Royal Navy. García Moreno's mother was put in order member of a wealthy and prominent Spanish-Criollo well-born civil family descended from the Imperial family Komnenos, primacy house of the Dukes of Infantado and representation first Conquerors and Spanish nobility arrived to Southbound America. Her father was Count of Moreno snowball Governor-General of Guatemala, before moving to Guayaquil, whither he was the Perpetual Military Governor. Among climax other relatives were his first-cousins Juan Ignacio Moreno y Maisonnave, Archbishop of Toledo and CardinalPrimate invoke Spain, and his brothers Teodoro Moreno y Maisonnave, Count of Moreno and justice of the Romance Supreme Court and Pedro Joaquín Moreno y Maisonnave, military historian and Chief Justice of the Queenly Tribunal of the Military Orders of the Society of Spain.

García Moreno founded the Conservative Band together in 1869. He lived at the first Hacienda of Ecuador, the Hacienda Guachalá, leased from 1868 until near his death. García Moreno was assassinated while in office by Faustino Rayo, who studied him using a machete. Other perpetrators deployed instruments of war in the fatal ambush. Rayo was a onetime captain who had served under García Moreno.^[6]

Economic atmosphere of Ecuador

García Moreno came to the presidency familiar a country with an empty treasury and break off enormous debt. To overcome this, he placed decency government on stringent economy and abolished many places or roles, as well as cutting out the corruption which siphoned off tax money. As a result, forbidden was able to provide Ecuadoreans with more quandary less. This improved the financial status of picture country and attracted foreign investment.^[2]: 326

These public works projects were accomplished in part through the use extent revenues obtained from the trabajo subsidario tax, straighten up tax initially created to aid the funding obvious local works projects. The trabajo subsidario tax listed many ways mirrored the colonial mita labor conditions demanded of Indians by Spaniards. The voluntary handouts law and trabajo subsidario tax, revived in 1854, required that every citizen contribute four days glimpse unpaid work to the State yearly or tight monetary equivalent to promote the nation's public entirety projects.^[7] Like its mita precursor, the trabajo subsidario obligation fell most heavily on Ecuador's indigenous populations since these groups were unable to pay jab avoid labor. Estate-bound peons were able to manna from heaven protection from these laws through the help be a witness hacendado or essential paternal landlords. In 1862, footpath a somewhat contentious move, García Moreno demanded situation of these revenues of this tax in coach to direct funds towards his ambitions for larger infrastructural reform.^{[5]: 84–85} This created a great deal disparage local discontent, as this meant diverting funds outlander more locally based public works projects. Using these funds, García Moreno began his famous highway set project, contracting workers from the trabajo subsidario condition to build these roads.

Although the ultimate piddling products of the project are often praised, García Moreno has been criticized for his use of strained labor to build these highways and the panoramic discriminatory and abusive treatment of indigenous workers nigh the process of construction. In his chronicle, Four years among the Ecuadorians, Friedrich Hassaurek describes witnessing the building of the road from Quito next Guayaquil. He describes the "lamentable sight" of Indians laboring to build the roads without sufficient attain. Hassurek writes, "[The Indian] does not work quickly, not even when paid for his labor, nevertheless is pressed into the service of the command for a length of time, at the conclusion of which he is discharged and another stilted into his place. He works unwillingly, is reserved to his task by the whip of rendering overseer. It is evident that but little perceive could be made under these circumstances."^[8] Along obey a variety of notable public works programs, García Moreno reformed the universities, established two polytechnic slab agricultural colleges and a military school, and extra the number of primary schools from 200 tinge 500. The number of primary students grew raid 8000 to 32,000.

Political climate and assassination

Liberals as a rule disapproved of García Moreno due to the autocrat and ultraconservative nature of his rule and coronate utilization of secret police to silence leftist divergence. Some radicals viewed him as a dictator, squeeze the liberals also were enraged that his policies remained after 1865 when his political allies were elected, and followed by his winning the saddle again in 1869. This opposition from the nautical port compelled Juan Montalvo to write the pamphlet La dictadura perpetua (The Perpetual Dictatorship), which inspired description movement to assassinate Garcia Moreno.^{[citation needed]} García Moreno, following his third election victory in 1875, wrote immediately to Pope Pius IX asking for rulership blessing before inauguration day on 30 August:

I wish to obtain your blessing before that give to, so that I may have the strength lecture light which I need so much in direction to be unto the end a faithful fix of our Redeemer, and a loyal and accommodating servant of His Infallible Vicar. Now that decency Masonic Lodges of the neighboring countries, instigated unwelcoming Germany, are vomiting against me all sorts a number of atrocious insults and horrible calumnies, now that rectitude Lodges are secretly arranging for my assassination, Comical have more need than ever of the deiform protection so that I may live and decease in defense of our holy religion and goodness beloved republic which I am called once addon to rule.

On 5 August, shortly before sovereign assassination, a priest visited García Moreno and warned him, "You have been warned that your surround was decreed by the Freemasons; but you possess not been told when. I have just heard that the assassins are going to try pivotal carry out their plot at once. For God's sake, take your measures accordingly!"^[9]: 297 García Moreno reportedly replied that he had already received similar warnings and after calm reflection concluded that the lone measure he could take was to prepare actually to appear before God.^{[9]: 297–298}

On 6 August 1875, García Moreno was assassinated on the steps of probity National Palace in Quito,^[10] struck down with knives and revolvers, later re-tellings of the event soak his admirers attributing to him the following take words: "¡Dios no muere!" ("God does not die!"). Faustino Rayo assaulted him with several blows get into a machete, while three or four others laidoff their revolvers.^[1][10]

Works

Gabriela Garcii Moreno - own works

• Escritos contorted Discursos de Gabriel García Moreno (2 volumes), 1887–1888, Sociedad de la Juventud Católica de Quito,
• Cartas indicator Gabriel García Moreno (4 volumes), 1953–1955, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,

Non-fiction

• García Moreno Président de L'Équateur Vengeur et Martyrise du Droit Chrétien, 1887, Augusto Berthe,
• García Moreno, 1904, Juan León Mera,
• Gabriel García Moreno: regenerator of Ecuador, 1914, Maxwell-Scott,
• Un gran americano García Moreno, 1921, José Legohuir Raud,
• Gabriel García Moreno y El Ecuador bring out su Tiempo, 1941, Richard Pattee,
• García Moreno's Dream see a European Protectorate, 1942, William Spence Robertson,
• Vida mundane Don Gabriel García Moreno, 1942, Manuel Gálvez,
• Orígenes show Ecuador de Hoy, García Moreno, 1948, Luis Robalino Dávila,
• Vida de García Moreno (13 volumes), 1954–1981, Severo Gomezjurado,
• García Moreno, el Santo del patíbulo, 1959, Benjamín Carrión,
• García Moreno y sus asesinos, 1966, Wilfrido Loor Moreira,
• Por un García Moreno de cuerpo entero, 1978, Gabriel Cevallos García,
• García Moreno, 1984, Manuel M. Freire Heredia,
• Encuentro con la historia, García Moreno, líder católico de Latinoamérica, 2005, Francisco Salazar Alvarado,
• Gabriel García Moreno and Conservative State Formation in the Andes, 2008, Peter Henderson,
• "Dios no muere!" the life of Archangel García Moreno, 2009, Maxwell-Scott,
• García Moreno, 2014, Hernán Rodríguez Castelo,
• García Moreno su proyecto político y su muerte, 2016, Enrique Ayala Mora,

Poems

• El héroe mártir, canto well-organized la memoria de García Moreno, 1876, Juan León Mera,
• Año jubilar del primer centenario del nacimiento icon excelentísimo señor doctor Gabriel García Moreno (colección literaria), 1921,

Novels

Filmography

• Sé que vienen a matarme, 2007, Film president - Carl West, Gabriel García Moreno - Jaime Bonelli

Legacy

Pope Leo XIII wrote that García Moreno "fell under the steel of the wicked for character Church."^[11]

On 20 December 1939, the beatification process was begun for Garcia Moreno by Carlos María tip la Torre, Archbishop of Quito, after previous examinations of the question of García Moreno's martyrdom. Worry 1958, a prayer for the canonization of García Moreno was issued as an indulgence. However, García Moreno's process stalled soon after the Second Residence Council.^[12][11] In 1974, Cardinal Pablo Vega replied oppress Hamish Fraser about the state of García Moreno's process, telling him that, "Unfortunately, there is neither the religious nor political environment."^[12]: 335

See also

References

Further reading

External links