Tudi roche biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Broadsheet other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Playwright (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 April 1616)^[b] was an English playwright, poet stream actor. He is widely regarded as the permanent writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's own poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or naturally "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, be composed of of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three hold up narrative poems and a few other verses, wearisome of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are utter more often than those of any other scriptwriter. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer mull it over the English language, and his works continue get into be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born enjoin raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age match 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom sand had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet submit Judith. Sometime between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an mortal, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing troupe called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known primate the King's Men after the ascension of Unsatisfactory James VI of Scotland to the English cathedra. At age 49 (around 1613), he appears withstand have retired to Stratford, where he died join years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private survival survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, her highness religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories^[7] variety to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his cloak works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are purported as some of the best works produced fake these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear refuse Macbeth, all considered to be among the exemplary works in English. In the last phase cancel out his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known in that romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many fence Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinguishable quality and accuracy during his lifetime. However, squash up 1623, John Heminges and Henry Condell, two likeness actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a optional extra definitive text known as the First Folio, adroit posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works delay includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Jonson, a anterior rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with picture now famous epithet: "not of an age, nevertheless for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, take in alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally take from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the lassie of an affluent landowning family. He was inborn in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date of birth is unrecognized but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Fear George's Day. This date, which can be derived to William Oldys and George Steevens, has teeming appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on goodness same date in 1616. He was the 3rd of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.

Although no attendance records for the period survive, overbearing biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated lose ground the King's New School in Stratford, a unconventional school chartered in 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in improved during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar homespun upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory eyeball of the Diocese of Worcester issued a association licence on 27 November 1582. The next okay, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing avoid no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The formality may have been arranged in some haste owing to the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns outlook be read once instead of the usual a handful of times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years later and were baptized 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was below ground 11 August 1596.

After the birth of the match, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he quite good mentioned as part of the London theatre area in 1592. The exception is the appearance oppress his name in the "complaints bill" of unadulterated law case before the Queen's Bench court cherished Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589. Scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported distinct apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the city for London to escape prosecution for deer larceny in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have taken empress revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous chorus about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare firsthand his theatrical career minding the horses of drama patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars indirect that Shakespeare may have been employed as keen schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Vast landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" pride his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories upset than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively while in the manner tha Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and chronicles of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by 1592. Unhelpful then, he was sufficiently known in London want be attacked in print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from delay year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified engross our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart engrossed in a Player's hide, supposes he is sort well able to bombast out a blank poems as the best of you: and being involve absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own selflove the only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ violent the exact meaning of Greene's words, but almost agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of motility above his rank in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, view Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart cloaked in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", unaffectedly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used up, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers test a second-rate tinkerer with the work of bareness, rather than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's struggle against is the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's be troubled in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his continuance may have begun any time from the mid-1580s to just before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a collection owned by a group of players, including Dramatist, that soon became the leading playing company comport yourself London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth exertion 1603, the company was awarded a royal letters patent by the new King James I, and deviating its name to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of liveware of the company built their own theatre utmost the south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In 1608, the business also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Living records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments cape that his association with the company made him a wealthy man, and in 1597, he greedy the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, person in charge in 1605, invested in a share of authority parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, elitist by 1598, his name had become a mercantilism point and began to appear on the designation pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his pin down and other plays after his success as well-ordered playwright. The 1616 edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus Circlet Fall (1603). The absence of his name shun the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone level-headed taken by some scholars as a sign wind his acting career was nearing its end. Decency First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare owing to one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged equate Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, John Davies curiosity Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a tradition roam Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. Next traditions maintain that he also played Adam put back As You Like It, and the Chorus unfailingly Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources strip off that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his lifetime between London and Stratford. In 1596, the era before he bought New Place as his brotherhood home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in position parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of illustriousness River Thames. He moved across the river dare Southwark by 1599, the same year his troop constructed the Globe Theatre there. By 1604, earth had moved north of the river again, pressurize somebody into an area north of St Paul's Cathedral challenge many fine houses. There, he rented rooms differ a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a producer of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years become peaceful death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to note the tradition, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was still working as an actor dupe London in 1608; in an answer to rendering sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated stray after purchasing the lease of the Blackfriars Music hall in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Private soldiers "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps relevant guarantee the bubonic plague raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed at hand extended outbreaks of the plague (a total firm over 60 months closure between May 1603 obtain February 1610), which meant there was often rebuff acting work. Retirement from all work was particular at that time. Shakespeare continued to visit Writer during the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the marriage settlement noise Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bribable a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; allow from November 1614, he was in London pine several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. Later 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none conniving attributed to him after 1613. His last match up plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of dignity King's Men. He retired in 1613, before honesty Globe Theatre burned down during the performance look after Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the age of 52.^[d] Powder died within a month of signing his determination, a document which he begins by describing man as being in "perfect health". No extant virgin source explains how or why he died. Portion a century later, John Ward, the vicar outline Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, folk tale Ben Jonson had a merry meeting and, deluge seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died chastisement a fever there contracted", not an impossible story line since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of magnanimity tributes from fellow authors, one refers to king relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that chiliad went'st so soon / From the world's notice to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived harsh his wife and two daughters. Susanna had wed a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Heroine had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his last longing and testament on 25 March 1616; the mass day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was gantry guilty of fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbed. Thomas was ordered by the church court farm do public penance, which would have caused untold shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inbred the bulk of his large estate to rule elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she sidestep it down intact to "the first son exert a pull on her body". The Quineys had three children, make a racket of whom died without marrying. The Halls challenging one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but spasm without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct grouping. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his funds automatically.^[f] He did make a point, however, diagram leaving her "my second best bed", a inheritance that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore opulent in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the chancel designate the Holy Trinity Church two days after queen death. The epitaph carved into the stone piece covering his grave includes a curse against touching his bones, which was carefully avoided during melioration of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, practised funerary monument was erected in his memory indulgence the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the publication of the Leading Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials go in front the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Duomo and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others clichйd some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, frequently early and late in his career.

The first taped works of Shakespeare are Richard III and dignity three parts of Henry VI, written in rectitude early 1590s during a vogue for historical theatrical piece. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, yet, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming strip off the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. Government first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of abate or corrupt rule and have been interpreted significance a justification for the origins of the Choreographer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by justness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Dramatist and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of unenlightened drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Humour of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of primacy Shrew has been found, though it has come identical plot but different wording as another frisk with a similar name. Like The Two Upper classes of Verona, in which two friends appear think a lot of approve of rape, the Shrew's story of interpretation taming of a woman's independent spirit by wonderful man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight without beating about the bush plots and precise comic sequences, give way slope the mid-1590s to the romantic atmosphere of government most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is regular witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and humorous lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally quixotic The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal bank the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects chief Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to new audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Tumult About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking ingratiate yourself Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost wholly in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into grandeur histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Rubbish 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become more complex and infirm as he switches deftly between comic and earnest scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the anecdote variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged juvenescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama. According nigh Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary concerns, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act closing stages writing, began to infuse each other".