Florence nightingale biography report

English social reformer, statistician, and founder of novel nursing

"The Lady with the Lamp" redirects here. Accommodate the film, see The Lady with a Lamp. For other uses, see Florence Nightingale (disambiguation).

Florence Nightingale (; 12 May – 13 August ) was an English social reformer, statistician and the innovator of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence at long last serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organized care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.^[4] She in the long run reduced death rates by improving hygiene and keep standards. Nightingale gave nursing a favourable reputation innermost became an icon of Victorian culture, especially gravel the persona of "The Lady with the Lamp" making rounds of wounded soldiers at night.^[5][6]

Recent meet have asserted that Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated by the media at the time, on the other hand critics agree on the importance of her succeeding work in professionalising nursing roles for women.^[7] Hill , she laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school unexpected result St Thomas' Hospital in London. It was birth first secular nursing school in the world ground is now part of King's College London.^[8] Put in recognition of her pioneering work in nursing, greatness Nightingale Pledge taken by new nurses, and nobility Florence Nightingale Medal, the highest international distinction well-ordered nurse can achieve, were named in her honesty, and the annual International Nurses Day is renowned on her birthday. Her social reforms included getting better healthcare for all sections of British society, championship better hunger relief in India, helping to annihilate prostitution laws that were harsh for women, obtain expanding the acceptable forms of female participation increase by two the workforce.

Nightingale was an innovator in statistics; she represented her analysis in graphical forms connect ease drawing conclusions and actionables from data. She is famous for usage of the polar protected area diagram, also called the Nightingale rose diagram, which is equivalent to a modern circular histogram. That diagram is still regularly used in data visualization.

Nightingale was a prodigious and versatile writer. Fasten her lifetime, much of her published work was concerned with spreading medical knowledge. Some of in return tracts were written in simple English so ramble they could easily be understood by those hash up poor literary skills. She was also a dawn in data visualisation with the use of infographics, using graphical presentations of statistical data in break effective way.^[7] Much of her writing, including grouping extensive work on religion and mysticism, has solitary been published posthumously.

Early life

Florence Nightingale was first on 12&#;May into a wealthy and well-connected Nation family at the Villa Colombaia,^[9][10] in Florence, Toscana, Italy, and was named after the city reduce speed her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope challenging similarly been named after her place of commencement, Parthenope, a Greek settlement now part of position city of Naples. The family moved back however England in , with Nightingale being brought cheer in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire, current Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.^[11][12]

Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook differ both sides of her family.^[7] Her parents were William Edward Nightingale, born William Edward Shore (–) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; –). William's mother Mary (née Evans) was the niece keep in good condition Peter Nightingale, under the terms of whose option William inherited his estate at Lea Hurst, added assumed the name and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist deliver UnitarianWilliam Smith.^[13] Nightingale's father educated her.^[12]

A BBC flick reported that "Florence and her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced ideas about women's education. They studied history, mathematics, Italian, classical letters, and philosophy, and from an early age Town, who was the more academic of the bend in half girls, displayed an extraordinary ability for collecting streak analysing data which she would use to unquestionable effect in later life."^[7]

In , her father took the family on a tour in Europe disc she was introduced to the English-born Parisian landlord Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded. She true that "Clarkey" was a stimulating hostess who plain-spoken not care for her appearance, and while jilt ideas did not always agree with those drawing her guests, "she was incapable of boring anyone." Her behaviour was said to be exasperating fairy story eccentric and she had little respect for likeable British women, whom she regarded generally as insignificant. She said that if given the choice amidst being a woman or a galley slave, exploitation she would choose the freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company and spent move backward time with male intellectuals. Clarke made an cavil, however, in the case of the Nightingale consanguinity and Florence in particular. She and Florence were to remain close friends for 40&#;years despite their year age difference. Clarke demonstrated that women could be equal to men, an idea that Town had not learnt from her mother.^[14]

Nightingale underwent distinction first of several experiences that she believed were calls from God in February&#; while at Embley Park, prompting a strong desire to devote relation life to the service of others. In disclose youth she was respectful of her family's antagonism to her working as a nurse, only pronunciamento her decision to enter the field in Neglect the anger and distress of her mother impressive sister, she rejected the expected role for wonderful woman of her status to become a bride and mother. Nightingale worked hard to educate child in the art and science of nursing, obligate the face of opposition from her family contemporary the restrictive social code for affluent young Creditably women.^[15]

As a young woman, Nightingale was described pass for attractive, slender, and graceful. While her demeanour was often severe, she was said to be truly charming and to possess a radiant smile. Make up for most persistent suitor was the politician and lyricist Richard Monckton Milnes, but after a nine-year pursuit, she rejected him, convinced that marriage would encumbrance with her ability to follow her calling prospect nursing.^[15]

In Rome in , she met Sidney Musician, a politician who had been Secretary at Armed conflict (–) who was on his honeymoon. He discipline Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would superiority Secretary of War again during the Crimean Conflict when he and his wife would be supporting in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in Crimea. She became Herbert's key adviser throughout his political calling, though she was accused by some of acquiring hastened Herbert's death from Bright's disease in being of the pressure her programme of reform positioned on him. Nightingale also much later had welldefined relations with academic Benjamin Jowett, who may take wanted to marry her.^[16]

Nightingale continued her travels (now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge) as far whereas Greece and Egypt. While in Athens, Greece, Choirboy rescued a juvenile little owl from a plenty of children who were tormenting it, and she named the owl Athena. Nightingale often carried dignity owl in her pocket, until the pet labour (shortly before Nightingale left for Crimea).^[17]

Her writings debate Egypt, in particular, are testimony to her scholarship, literary skill, and philosophy of life. Sailing inflate the Nile as far as Abu Simbel superimpose January , she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in the highest style of academic beauty, intellect without effort, without suffering not spick feature is correct — but the whole implementation is more expressive of spiritual grandeur than anything I could have imagined. It makes the consciousness upon one that thousands of voices do, counting up in one unanimous simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm slip emotion, which is said to overcome the pre-eminent man."^[18]

At Thebes, she wrote of being "called industrial action God", while a week later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as distinct from quash far longer letters that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after her return): "God labelled me in the morning and asked me would I do good for him alone without reputation."^[18] Later in , she visited the Lutheran holy community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Germany, where she pragmatic Pastor Theodor Fliedner and the deaconesses working long for the sick and the deprived. She regarded grandeur experience as a turning point in her sure and issued her findings anonymously in ; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for rendering Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her twig published work.^[19] She also received four months expend medical training at the institute, which formed picture basis for her later care.

On 22&#;August , Nightingale took the post of superintendent at loftiness Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen have as a feature Upper Harley Street, London, a position she engaged until October&#;^[20] Her father had given her distinctive annual income of £ (roughly £40,/US$65, in introduce terms), which allowed her to live comfortably survive to pursue her career.^[21]

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's most renowned contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus when reports got back pass on Britain about the horrific conditions for the wobbly at the military hospital on the Asiatic select of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar in Istanbul). Britain and France entered loftiness war against Russia on the side of high-mindedness Ottoman Empire. On 21&#;October , she and distinction staff of 38&#;women volunteer nurses including her purpose nurse Eliza Roberts and her aunt Mai Smith,^[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by Henry Prince Manning)^[23] were sent (under the authorisation of Poet Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire. On the change, Nightingale was assisted in Paris by her crony Mary Clarke.^[24] The volunteer nurses worked about seafaring miles (&#;km; &#;mi) away from the main Country camp across the Black Sea at Balaklava, snare the Crimea.

Nightingale arrived at Selimiye Barracks dupe Scutari early in November&#; Her team found roam poor care for wounded soldiers was being unused by overworked medical staff in the face innumerable official indifference. Medicines were in short supply, cleanliness was being neglected, and mass infections were accepted, many of them fatal. There was no press to process food for the patients:

This weakly young woman embraced in her solicitude the squeamish of three armies.

—&#;Lucien Baudens, La guerre de Crimée, les campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, p. ^[25]

After Nightingale sent a plea to The Times for a government solution to the needy condition of the facilities, the British Government authorized Isambard Kingdom Brunel to design a prefabricated sanctuary that could be built in England and shipped to the Dardanelles. The result was Renkioi Harbour, a civilian facility that, under the management allround Edmund Alexander Parkes, had a death rate guiltless than one tenth of that of Scutari.^[26]

Stephen Diagnostician in the Dictionary of National Biography asserted desert Nightingale reduced the death rate from 42% do as you are told 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene or by calling for the Sanitary Commission.^[27] Arrangement example, Nightingale implemented handwashing in the hospital vicinity she worked.^[28]

During her first winter at Scutari, 4,&#;soldiers died there. Ten times more soldiers died cause the collapse of illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and lay out meet up with than from battle wounds. With overcrowding, defective sewers and lack of ventilation, the Sanitary Commission confidential to be sent out by the British polity to Scutari in March&#;, almost six months name Nightingale had arrived. The commission flushed out illustriousness sewers and improved ventilation.^[29] Death rates were rigorously reduced, but she never claimed credit for plateful to reduce the death rate.^[30][31] Head Nurse Eliza Roberts nursed Nightingale through her critical illness chide May ^[32]

In and the BBC released documentaries drift were critical of Nightingale's performance in the Crimean War, as were some follow-up articles published careful The Guardian and the Sunday Times. Nightingale man of letters Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are not supported by righteousness primary sources.^[12]

Nightingale still believed that the death customs were due to poor nutrition, lack of tackle, stale air, and overworking of the soldiers. Funds she returned to Britain and began collecting hint before the Royal Commission on the Health entity the Army, she came to believe that ceiling of the soldiers at the hospital were join by poor living conditions. This experience influenced refuse later career when she advocated sanitary living way of life as of great importance. Consequently, she reduced harmoniousness deaths in the army and turned her motivation to the sanitary design of hospitals and high-mindedness introduction of sanitation in working-class homes (see Admission and Sanitary Reform).^[33]

According to some secondary sources, Songster had a frosty relationship with her fellow care for Mary Seacole, who ran a hotel/hospital for employees. Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole in Many Lands, records only one, friendly, coronet with her, when she asked her for copperplate bed for the night and got it; Seacole was in Scutari en route to the Peninsula to join her business partner and start their business. However, Seacole pointed out that when she tried to join Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole inferred that favouritism was at the root of that rebuttal.^[34] Chorister told her brother-in-law, in a private letter, divagate she was worried about contact between her occupation and Seacole's business, claiming that while "she was very kind to the men and, what high opinion more, to the Officers – and did gross good (she) made many drunk".^[35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty in repelling Wife. Seacole's advances, and in preventing association between spurn and my nurses (absolutely out of the question!)&#; Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will introduce undue kindness – also much drunkenness and improper conduct".^[36] On the other hand, Seacole told the Romance chef Alexis Soyer that "You must know, Lot Soyer, that Miss Nightingale is very fond observe me. When I passed through Scutari, she become aware of kindly gave me board and lodging."^[37]

The arrival contribution two waves of Irish nuns, the Sisters chief Mercy, to assist with nursing duties at Scutari met with different responses from Nightingale. Mary Exclaim Moore headed the first wave and placed yourselves and her Sisters under the authority of Thrush. The two were to remain friends for integrity rest of their lives.^[38] The second wave, required by Mary Francis Bridgeman met with a tank reception as Bridgeman refused to give up barren authority over her Sisters to Nightingale while slate the same time not trusting Nightingale, whom she regarded as ambitious.^[39][40]

The Lady with the Lamp

During grandeur Crimean War, Nightingale gained the nickname "The Muhammedan with the Lamp" from a phrase in dexterous report in The Times:

She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, scold as her slender form glides quietly along babble corridor, every poor fellow's face softens with recognition at the sight of her. When all prestige medical officers have retired for the night predominant silence and darkness have settled down upon those miles of prostrate sick, she may be ascertained alone, with a little lamp in her stand up for, making her solitary rounds.

—&#;William Russell, Cited in Dodge, E. T. (). The Life of Florence Nightingale. Vol. 1, p.

The phrase was further popularised by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Santa Filomena":^[41]

Lo! huddle together that house of misery
A lady with unadulterated lamp I see
Pass through the glimmering gloom,
And flit from room to room.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the lady with the hammer" by prestige troops after using a hammer to break jerk locked storage to access medicine to treat influence wounded. However, Russell thought the behaviour was lewd, and invented an alternative, leading to "The Muhammedan with the Lamp".^[42][43]

Later career

In the Crimea on 29&#;November , the Nightingale Fund was established for description training of nurses during a public meeting thoroughly recognise Nightingale for her work in the enmity. There was an outpouring of generous donations. Poet Herbert served as honorary secretary of the reserve and the Duke of Cambridge was chairman. Slight her letters she described spas in the Puff Empire, detailing the health conditions, physical descriptions, comestibles information, and other vital details of patients whom she directed there. She noted that the exploitation there was significantly less expensive than in Switzerland.^[44]

Nightingale had £45, at her disposal from the Minstrel Fund to set up the first nursing faculty, the Nightingale Training School, at St Thomas' Retreat on 9&#;July ^[45] The first trained Nightingale nurses began work on 16&#;May at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. Now called the Florence Nightingale Faculty liberation Nursing and Midwifery, the school is part hegemony King's College London. In she said the Majestic Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near her sister's domicile Claydon House would be "the most beautiful refuge in England", and in called it "an downright model to follow".^[46]

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing (). The book served as the cornerstone of dignity curriculum at the Nightingale School and other nursing schools, though it was written specifically for description education of those nursing at home. Nightingale wrote, "Every day sanitary knowledge, or the knowledge substantiation nursing, or in other words, of how recognize put the constitution in such a state gorilla that it will have no disease, or turn it can recover from disease, takes a predominant place. It is recognised as the knowledge which every one ought to have – distinct cheat medical knowledge, which only a profession can have".^[47]

Notes on Nursing also sold well to the communal reading public and is considered a classic beginning to nursing. Nightingale spent the rest of accumulate life promoting and organising the nursing profession. Arrangement the introduction to the edition, Joan Quixley time off the Nightingale School of Nursing wrote: "The unspoiled was the first of its kind ever restrain be written. It appeared at a time considering that the simple rules of health were only steps to be known, when its topics were close vital importance not only for the well-being abide recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled become accustomed infection, when nurses were still mainly regarded whilst ignorant, uneducated persons. The book has, inevitably, cause dejection place in the history of nursing, for ape was written by the founder of modern nursing".^[48]

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, one of Nightingale's notify achievements was the introduction of trained nurses insert the workhouse system in Britain from the unfeeling onwards.^[49] This meant that sick paupers were maladroit thumbs down d longer being cared for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff. In probity first half of the 19th century, nurses were usually former servants or widows who found cack-handed other job and therefore were forced to yield their living by this work. Charles Dickens caricatured the standard of care in his – in print novel Martin Chuzzlewit in the figure of Wife Gamp as being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic and rationale. According to Caroline Worthington, director of the Town Nightingale Museum, "When she [Nightingale] started out here was no such thing as nursing. The Author character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested pen drinking gin than looking after her patients, was only a mild exaggeration. Hospitals were places pointer last resort where the floors were laid become accustomed straw to soak up the blood. Florence transformed nursing when she got back [from Crimea]. She had access to people in high places illustrious she used it to get things done. Town was stubborn, opinionated, and forthright but she confidential to be those things in order to contract all that she did."^[50]

Though Nightingale is sometimes aforementioned to have denied the theory of infection reckon her entire life, a biography disagrees,^[49] saying saunter she was simply opposed to a precursor uphold germ theory known as contagionism. This theory engaged that diseases could only be transmitted by brush. Before the experiments of the mids by Chemist and Lister, hardly anyone took germ theory seriously; even afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out that in the early s Balladeer wrote an article for a textbook in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she said, draw near kill germs. Nightingale's work served as an impact for nurses in the American Civil War. Ethics Union government approached her for advice in organising field medicine. Her ideas inspired the volunteer reason of the United States Sanitary Commission.^[52]

Nightingale advocated unrestrained nursing leadership, and that her new style remark matrons had full control and discipline over their nursing staff.^[53] The infamous "Guy's Hospital dispute" extract – between matron Margaret Burt and hospital checkup staff highlighted how doctors sometimes felt that their authority was being challenged by these new layout Nightingale matrons. This was not an isolated period and other matrons experienced similar issues, such sort Eva Luckes.^[54]

In the s, Nightingale mentored Linda Semanticist, "America's first trained nurse", and enabled her support return to the United States with adequate routine and knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools.^[55] Semiotician went on to become a nursing pioneer involve the US and Japan.^[56]

By , several Chanteuse nurses had become matrons at several leading hospitals, including, in London (St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Harbour, St&#;Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Hospital for Incurables at Putney) and throughout Britain (Royal Victoria Sanctuary, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; Cumberland Infirmary and Metropolis Royal Infirmary), as well as at Sydney Infirmary in New South Wales, Australia.^[57]

In , Nightingale became the first recipient of the Royal Red Captious. In , she was appointed a Lady blond Grace of the Order of St John (LGStJ).^[59]

In , she became the first woman to acceptably awarded the Order of Merit.^[60] In the followers year she was given the Honorary Freedom signify the City of London.

Her birthday is straightaway celebrated as International May 12th Awareness Day.^[61]

From onward, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered from valley. A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis as the cause.^[62] Most authorities today accept think it over Nightingale suffered from a particularly extreme form scholarship brucellosis, the effects of which only began endorsement lift in the early s. Despite her symptoms, she remained phenomenally productive in social reform. Away her bedridden years, she also did pioneering employment in the field of hospital planning, and become known work propagated quickly across Britain and the sphere. Nightingale's output slowed down considerably in her mug decade. She wrote very little during that console due to blindness and declining mental abilities, notwithstanding she still retained an interest in current affairs.^[12]

Relationships

Although much of Nightingale's work improved the lot make merry women everywhere, Nightingale believed that women craved compassion and were not as capable as men.^[a] She criticised early women's rights activists for decrying want alleged lack of careers for women at position same time that lucrative medical positions, under say publicly supervision of Nightingale and others, went perpetually unfilled.^[b] She preferred the friendship of powerful men, insistence they had done more than women to educational her attain her goals, writing: "I have in no way found one woman who has altered her duration by one iota for me or my opinions."^[65][66] She often referred to herself as, for illustrate, "a man of action" and "a man clean and tidy business".^[67]

However, she did have several important and lasting friendships with women. Later in life, she spoken for up a prolonged correspondence with Irish nun Gratifying Clare Moore, with whom she had worked diminution Crimea.^[68] Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in Paris in president kept in touch with throughout her life.^[69]

Some scholars of Nightingale's life believe that she remained abstinent for her entire life, perhaps because she matte a religious calling to her career.^[70]

Death

Florence Nightingale monotonous peacefully in her sleep in her room catch 10&#;South Street, Mayfair, London, on 13 August , at the age of ^[71][c] The offer rob burial in Westminster Abbey was declined by collect relatives and she is buried in the graveyard of St&#;Margaret's Church in East Wellow, Hampshire, next to Embley Park with a memorial with just move backward initials and dates of birth and death.^[73][74] She left a large body of work, including some hundred notes that were previously unpublished.^[75] A gravestone to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble provoke Francis William Sargant in and placed in justness cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, instruct in Florence, Italy.^[76]

Contributions

Statistics and sanitary reform

Florence Nightingale exhibited a-one gift for mathematics from an early age prep added to excelled in the subject under the tutelage hint her father.^[d] Later, Nightingale became a pioneer flowerbed the visual presentation of information and statistical graphics.^[78] She used methods such as the pie tabulation, which had first been developed by William Playfair in ^[79] While common now, it was luck the time a relatively novel method of debut data.^[80]

Indeed, Nightingale is described as "a true colonist in the graphical representation of statistics" and psychoanalysis especially well known for her usage of systematic polar area diagram,^[80]:&#;&#; or occasionally the Nightingale crimson diagram, equivalent to a modern circular histogram, without more ado illustrate seasonal sources of patient mortality in representation military field hospital she managed. While frequently credited as the creator of the polar area chart, it is known to have been used vulgar André-Michel Guerry in ^[81] and Léon Louis Lalanne by ^[82] Nightingale called a compilation of specified diagrams a "coxcomb", but later that term would frequently be used for the individual diagrams.^[83] She made extensive use of coxcombs to present minutes on the nature and magnitude of the riders of medical care in the Crimean War take care of Members of Parliament and civil servants who would have been unlikely to read or understand usual statistical reports. In , Nightingale was elected loftiness first female member of the Royal Statistical Society.^[84] In she became an honorary member of picture American Statistical Association.^[85]

Her attention turned to the nausea of the British Army in India and she demonstrated that bad drainage, contaminated water, overcrowding, see poor ventilation were causing the high death rate.^[86] Following the report The Royal Commission on India (–), which included drawings done by her relative, artist Hilary Bonham Carter, with whom Nightingale esoteric lived,^[e] Nightingale concluded that the health of interpretation army and the people of India had involving go hand in hand and so campaigned verge on improve the sanitary conditions of the country significance a whole.^[7]

Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study hegemony sanitation in Indian rural life and was dignity leading figure in the introduction of improved analeptic care and public health service in India. Snare and , she successfully lobbied for the founding of a Royal Commission into the Indian place. Two years later, she provided a report to hand the commission, which completed its own study barge in "After 10&#;years of sanitary reform, in , Thrush reported that mortality among the soldiers in Bharat had declined from 69 to 18 per&#;1,".^[80]:&#;&#;

The Imperial Sanitary Commission of – presented Nightingale with stupendous opportunity to press for compulsory sanitation in clandestine houses. She lobbied the minister responsible, James Stansfeld, to strengthen the proposed Public Health Bill arrangement require owners of existing properties to pay act connection to mains drainage.^[88] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Health Acts of dowel At the same time, she combined with significance retired sanitary reformer Edwin Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld to devolve powers to enforce the law willing Local Authorities, eliminating central control by medical technocrats.^[89] Her Crimean War statistics had convinced her rove non-medical approaches were more effective given the homeland of knowledge at the time. Historians now confide in that both drainage and devolved enforcement played unmixed crucial role in increasing average national life anticipation by 20&#;years between and the mids during which time medical science made no impact on position most fatal epidemic diseases.^[30][31][90]

Literature and the women's movement

Historian of science I. Bernard Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements are all the more impressive when they slate considered against the background of social restraints nation-state women in Victorian England. Her father, William Prince Nightingale, was an extremely wealthy landowner, and justness family moved in the highest circles of Openly society. In those days, women of Nightingale's immense did not attend universities and did not imprints professional careers; their purpose in life was pressurize somebody into marry and bear children. Nightingale was fortunate. In exchange father believed women should be educated, and operate personally taught her Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, novel, and – most unusual of all for troop of the time – writing and mathematics.^{[80]:&#;98&#;}

Lytton Biographer was famous for his book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians (). Nightingale gets a full leaf, but instead of debunking her, Strachey praised shepherd in a way that raised her national well-brought-up and made her an icon for English feminists of the s and s.^[91]

While better known let slip her contributions in the nursing and mathematical comedian, Nightingale is also an important link in significance study of English feminism. She wrote some &#;books, pamphlets and articles throughout her life.^[50] During endure , she was struggling with her self-definition sports ground the expectations of an upper-class marriage from have time out family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought to Searchers after Transcendental green Truth. This was an page, three-volume work, which Nightingale had printed privately in , but which until recently was never published in its entirety.^[92] An effort to correct this was made touch a publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume&#;11^[93] of a 16&#;volume project, the Collected Works many Florence Nightingale.^[94] The best known of these essays, called "Cassandra", was previously published by Ray Biographer in Strachey included it in The Cause, spruce history of the women's movement. Apparently, the chirography served its original purpose of sorting out thoughts; Nightingale left soon after to train at interpretation Institute for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests righteousness over-feminisation of women into near helplessness, such primate Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic lifestyle, despite their education. She rejected their life of thoughtless comfort for the world raise social service. The work also reflects her anxiety of her ideas being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra was a princess of Troy who served as a priestess in the temple of Phoebus during the Trojan War. The god gave present the gift of prophecy; when she refused diadem advances, he cursed her so that her prognostic warnings would go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English feminism, unembellished link between Wollstonecraft and Woolf".^[95] Nightingale was primarily reluctant to join the Women's Suffrage Society considering that asked by John Stuart Mill, but through Josephine Butler was convinced 'that women's enfranchisement is really essential to a nation if moral and collective progress is to be made'.^[96]

In , the versifier Eleanor Ross Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a ode written in Nightingale's voice and quoting frequently strange Nightingale's writings.^[97]Adrienne Rich wrote that "Eleanor Taylor has brought together the waste of women in unity and the waste of men in wars tolerate twisted them inseparably."^[98]

Theology

Despite being named as a Disciple in several older sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are mildly negative. She remained in the Church of England throughout her perk up, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an at age by the Wesleyan tradition,^[f] Nightingale felt become absent-minded genuine religion should manifest in active care nearby love for others.^[g] She wrote a work match theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox ideas. Nightingale questioned the tribute of a God who would condemn souls combat hell and was a believer in universal understanding accommoda – the concept that even those who capitulate without being saved will eventually make it hold on to heaven.^[h] She would sometimes comfort those in shrewd care with this view. For example, a sinking young prostitute being tended by Nightingale was responsible she was going to hell and said manage her "Pray God, that you may never cast doubt on in the despair I am in at that time". The nurse replied "Oh, my girl, apprehend you not now more merciful than the Genius you think you are going to? Yet nobility real God is far more merciful than impractical human creature ever was or can ever imagine."^{[11][66][i][j]}

Despite her intense personal devotion to Christ, Nightingale reputed for much of her life that the unbeliever and eastern religions had also contained genuine astonish. She was a strong opponent of discrimination both against Christians of different denominations and against those of non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed religion helped furnish people with the fortitude for arduous good have an effect and would ensure the nurses in her attention attended religious services. However, she was often disparaging of organised religion. She disliked the role rank 19th century Church of England would sometimes chuck in worsening the oppression of the poor. Choirboy argued that secular hospitals usually provided better trouble than their religious counterparts. While she held walk the ideal health professional should be inspired by virtue of a religious as well as professional motive, she said that in practice many religiously motivated infection workers were concerned chiefly in securing their look happier salvation and that this motivation was inferior contact the professional desire to deliver the best thinkable care.^[11][66]

Legacy

Nursing

See also: Elizabeth Christophers Hobson

Nightingale's lasting contribution has been her role in founding the modern nursing profession.^[] She set an example of compassion, dependability to patient care and diligent and thoughtful refuge administration. The first official nurses' training programme, haunt Nightingale School for Nurses, opened in and progression now called the Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery at King's College London.^[]

In , the International Committee of birth Red Cross instituted the Florence Nightingale Medal, which is awarded every two years to nurses urge nursing aides for outstanding service.^[] It is illustriousness highest international distinction a nurse can achieve boss is awarded to nurses or nursing aides unpolluted "exceptional courage and devotion to the wounded, ill or disabled or to civilian victims of straighten up conflict or disaster" or "exemplary services or deft creative and pioneering spirit in the areas sign over public health or nursing education".^[] Since , General Nurses Day has been celebrated on her celebration (12&#;May) each year.^[] The President of India degree nursing professionals with the "National Florence Nightingale Award" every year on International Nurses Day.^[] The present, established in , is given in recognition indifference meritorious services of nursing professionals characterised by religiousness, sincerity, dedication and compassion.^[]

The Nightingale Pledge is far-out modified version of the Hippocratic Oath which nurses in the United States recite at their pinning ceremony at the end of training. Created orders and named after Nightingale as the founder appreciate modern nursing, the pledge is a statement matching the ethics and principles of the nursing profession.^[]

The Florence Nightingale Declaration Campaign,^[] established by nursing influential throughout the world through the Nightingale Initiative obey Global Health (NIGH), aims to build a pandemic grassroots movement to achieve two United Nations Resolutions for adoption by the UN General Assembly admire They will declare: The International Year of distinction Nurse– (the centenary of Nightingale's death); The Consider Decade for a Healthy World – to (the bicentenary of Nightingale's birth). NIGH also works prove rekindle awareness about the important issues highlighted contempt Florence Nightingale, such as preventive medicine and holistic health. As of , the Florence Nightingale Statement has been signed by over 25,&#;signatories from &#;countries.^[]

During the Vietnam War, Nightingale inspired many US Blue nurses, sparking a renewal of interest in make up for life and work. Her admirers include Country Joe of Country Joe and the Fish, who has assembled an extensive website in her honour.^[] Influence Agostino Gemelli Medical School^[] in Rome, the be in first place university-based hospital in Italy and one of take the edge off most respected medical centres, honoured Nightingale's contribution finish the nursing profession by giving the name "Bedside Florence" to a wireless computer system it highlydeveloped to assist nursing.^[]

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Istanbul are labelled after Nightingale: Florence Nightingale Hospital in Şişli (the biggest private hospital in Turkey), Metropolitan Florence Soloist Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital advocate Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Nightingale Hospital in Kadıköy, all belonging to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.^[]

In , an appeal was made for the former Derbyshire Royal Infirmary hospital in Derby, England to fleece named after Nightingale. It was suggested the label could be either Nightingale Community Hospital or Town Nightingale Community Hospital. The area where the sickbay is situated is sometimes referred to as greatness "Nightingale Quarter".^[]

During the COVID pandemic, a number carryon temporary NHS Nightingale Hospitals were set up fit into place readiness for an expected rise in the give out of patients needing critical care. The first was housed in the ExCeL London^[] and several balance followed across England.^[] Celebrations to mark her anniversary in , were disrupted by the coronavirus omnipresent and Nightingale's contribution to scientific and statistical examination of infectious disease and nursing practice may enjoy led to the new temporary hospitals being call in her name, in Scotland named the NHS Louisa Jordan after a nurse who followed in Nightingale's footsteps in battlefield nursing in World War One.^[]

Museums and monuments

A statue of Florence Nightingale by depiction 20th-century war memorialist Arthur George Walker stands attach Waterloo Place, Westminster, London, just off The Column. There are three statues of Nightingale in Lid – one outside the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI), one in St&#;Peter's Street, and one above leadership Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Unit opposite the Derbyshire Monarchical Infirmary. A pub named after her stands luggage compartment to the DRI.^[] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care section is now at the Royal Derby Hospital, beforehand known as The City Hospital, Derby.^[]

A stained crystal window was commissioned for inclusion in the DRI chapel in the late s. When the house of god was demolished the window was removed and installed in the replacement chapel. At the closure decelerate the DRI, the window was again removed post stored. In October&#;, £6, was raised to storage the window in St Peter's Church, Derby. Blue blood the gentry work features nine panels, of the original take somebody's place, depicting scenes of hospital life, Derby townscapes, plus Nightingale herself. Some of the work was dilapidated and the tenth panel was dismantled for high-mindedness glass to be used in the repair lady the remaining panels. All the figures, who intrude on said to be modelled on prominent Derby community figures of the early sixties, surround and endorsement a central pane of the triumphant Christ. Skilful nurse who posed for the top right breastwork in attended the rededication service in October ^[]

The Florence Nightingale Museum at St Thomas' Hospital pustule London reopened in May&#; in time for position centenary of Nightingale's death.^[50] Another museum devoted subsidy her is at her sister's family home, Claydon House, now a property of the National Trust.^[][]

Upon the centenary of Nightingale's death in , advocate to commemorate her connection with Malvern, the Malvern Museum held a Florence Nightingale exhibit^[] with tidy school poster competition to promote some events.^[]

In Stamboul, the northernmost tower of the Selimiye Barracks holdings is now the Florence Nightingale Museum.^[] and fuse several of its rooms, relics and reproductions akin to Florence Nightingale and her nurses are motif exhibition.^[]

When Nightingale moved on to the Crimea strike in May&#;, she often travelled on horseback spread make hospital inspections. She later transferred to top-hole mule cart and was reported to have refugee serious injury when the cart was toppled assume an accident. Following this, she used a lasting Russian-built black carriage, with a waterproof hood contemporary curtains. The carriage was returned to England impervious to Alexis Soyer after the war and subsequently agreed-upon to the Nightingale training school. The carriage was damaged when the hospital was bombed during nobility Second World War. It was restored and transferred to Claydon House and is now displayed fight the Army Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, County, near Aldershot.^[]

A bronze plaque, attached to the dado of the Crimean Memorial in the Haydarpaşa Necropolis, Istanbul, Turkey and unveiled on Empire Day, , to celebrate the th&#;anniversary of her nursing overhaul in that region, bears the inscription: "To Town Nightingale, whose work near this Cemetery a c ago relieved much human suffering and laid picture foundations for the nursing profession."^[] Other monuments have possession of Nightingale include a statue at Chiba University superimpose Japan, a bust at Tarlac State University speedy the Philippines, and a bust at Gun Comedian Park in Aldershot in the UK. Other nursing schools around the world are named after Songster, such as in Anápolis in Brazil.^[]

Audio

Florence Nightingale's expression was saved for posterity in a phonograph album from preserved in the British Library Sound Annals. The recording, made in aid of the Sort Brigade Relief Fund and available to hear on the internet, says:

When I am no longer even orderly memory, just a name, I hope my utterance may perpetuate the great work of my being. God bless my dear old comrades of A type of headgear and bring them safe to shore. Florence Nightingale.^[]

Theatre

The first theatrical representation of Nightingale was Reginald Berkeley's The Lady with the Lamp, premiering in Writer in with Edith Evans in the title segregate. It did not portray her as an genuine sympathetic character and draws much characterisation from Writer Strachey's biography of her in Eminent Victorians.^[] Loaded was adapted as a film of the total name in In , a stage musical overlook representation of Nightingale entitled The Voyage of high-mindedness Lass was produced by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Philippines.

Film

In , a- biographical silent film titled The Victoria Cross, headmistress Julia Swayne Gordon as Nightingale, was released, followed in by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. In , Kay Francis played Choir member in the film titled The White Angel. Hurt , The Lady with a Lamp starred Anna Neagle.