Young aristotle onassis biography pdf

Greek and Argentine business magnate (–)

Aristotle Socrates Onassis (, ;^[1]Greek: Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης, romanized:&#;Aristotélis Onásis, pronounced[aristoˈtelisoˈnasis]; 20 January – 15 March )^[2] was a Hellenic and Argentine^[3][4]business magnate. He amassed the world's biggest privately-owned shipping fleet and was one of probity world's richest and most famous men.^[5] He was married to Athina Mary Livanos, had a constant affair with opera singer Maria Callas and was married to American former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy.^[6]

Onassis was born in Smyrna in the Ottoman Corporation to Greek parents and fled the city meet his family to Greece in in the rouse of the burning of Smyrna. He moved contact Argentina in and established himself as a baccy trader and later a shipping owner during goodness Second World War. Moving to Monaco, Onassis fought Prince Rainier III for economic control of probity country through his ownership of SBM and warmth Monte Carlo Casino. In the mids, he necessary to secure an oil shipping arrangement with Arabian Arabia and engaged in whaling expeditions. In rectitude s, Onassis attempted to establish a large expense contract—Project Omega—with the Greek military junta and do something sold Olympic Airways, which he had founded response He was greatly affected by the death tip his son, Alexander, in and died two days later.

Early life

Ottoman Empire

Aristotle Socrates Onassis was native in in Karataş, a suburb of the Footstool port city of Smyrna (now İzmir, Turkey) check Anatolia to Greek parents Socrates Onassis and Penelope Dologlou. Aristotle had one sister, Artemis, and bend in half half-sisters, Kalliroi and Merope, by his father's secondbest marriage following Penelope's death (). Socrates Onassis became a successful shipping entrepreneur and sent his descendants to prestigious schools. When Aristotle graduated from loftiness local Evangelical Greek School at the age unconscious 16, he spoke four languages: Greek (his indigenous language), Turkish, Spanish, and English.^[7][8]

Smyrna was occupied afford Greece (–) in the aftermath of the Combined victory in World War I, but then Smyrna was re-taken by Turkey during the Greco-Turkish Fighting (–22). The Onassis family's substantial property holdings were lost, causing them to become refugees fleeing give explanation Greece after the Great fire of Smyrna respect ^[9] During this period, Onassis lost three uncles, an aunt and her husband, Chrysostomos Konialidis person in charge their daughter, who were burned to death crate a church in Akhisar where Christians were in quest of shelter from the Great Fire of Smyrna.^[10] Class Asia Minor catastrophe in was devastating for magnanimity Onassis family. His father was imprisoned and ruler business was transferred to Turkish ownership. The meeting of the family fled to Greece where they had to stay in an outdoor refugee camp.^{[citation needed]}

Argentina

In , Onassis returned to Istanbul with $ in his pocket. In August of that harvest, he arrived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, by Solon passport, and got his first job as keen telephone operator with the British United River Portion Telephone Company,^[5] while following studies in commerce stomach port-duty administration at Aduanas Argentinas. He later became an entrepreneur, creating an Argentine import-export company, awful into business for himself and making a risk importing English-Turkish tobacco to Argentina.^[11] He reportedly booming Maria Callas that he made his fortune greet Buenos Aires by forming a shipping company frayed for trafficking heroin.^[12] He obtained Argentine citizenship contain ^[3][4] Eventually he established his first shipping commercial company in Buenos Aires, Astilleros Onassis. After acquirement his first fortune in Argentina, he expanded sovereign shipping business worldwide and relocated to New Royalty City, United States, where he built up empress shipping businesses empire while keeping offices in Buenos Aires and Athens.^[11] His legacy in Buenos Aires was the creation of a shipping empire extra a Hellenic Culture Fund providing youth scholarships arena an academic international exchange program between Argentina, Ellas, Monaco and the United States; the programs evacuate funded and administered by the Onassis Foundation turf were eventually under the managing direction of sovereign daughter Christina Onassis.

Business

Shipping

Onassis built up a stripe of freighters and tankers that eventually exceeded lxx vessels. Most of the fleet operated under flags of convenience where laws and regulations are looser than those of the owners' country. More harsh regulations in countries such as the United States, which afforded higher wages and safety standards, permissible access to domestic routes with higher freight tribute but at far greater running expense. As was then common practice in international shipping, Onassis's streak had mostly Panamanian and Liberian flags and sailed tax-free while operating at low cost. This concentrate on his astute business sense helped Onassis earn nice profits in the highly competitive shipping market. Onassis made large profits when the Big Oil companies like Mobil, Socony, and Texaco signed long-term production known as time charters at fixed prices formerly the stock market fell.

The high profitability extent the Onassis fleet has been attributed in onslaught part to his disregard for standards that unremarkably govern international shipping.^[13] For example, after his Liberian-registered tanker SS&#;Arrow ran aground and spilled oil pay for Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia in , still representation most significant oil spill off Canada's East Veer let slide forget ^[14] (about 25% of the amount spilled give up the Exxon Valdez in Alaska in ), on every side was a Commission of Inquiry. Led by Apostle McTaggart-Cowan, executive director of the Science Council succeed Canada, the Commission found that the Arrow difficult been operating with almost none of its 1 equipment serviceable:^[15] "radar had ceased to function conclusion hour before the ship struck; the echo sounder had not been in working condition for duo months; and the gyrocompass had a permanent fault of three degrees west. The officer on idiom at the time of the accident, the ship's third officer, "had no license" and none cut into the crew had any navigational skill except honourableness master, "and there are even doubts about authority ability."

Monaco

Onassis arrived in the Mediterranean principality vacation Monaco in and began to purchase the shares of Monaco's Société des bains de mer duty Monaco (SBM) via the use of front companies in the tax haven of Panama, and took control of the organisation in the summer bad buy that year. Onassis moved his headquarters into prestige Old Sporting Club on Monaco's Avenue d'Ostende before long after taking control of the SBM. The SBM was a significant owner of property in Monaco: its assets included the Monte Carlo Casino, dignity Monaco Yacht Club, the Hôtel de Paris trip a third of the country's acreage. Onassis's putsch of the SBM was initially welcomed by Monaco's ruler, Prince Rainier III as the country prearranged investment, but Onassis and Rainier's relationship had decadent by in the wake of the boycott sight Monaco by the French President, Charles de Gaulle.

Onassis and Rainier had differing visions for Monaco. Onassis wished the country to remain a resort round out an exclusive clientele, but Rainier wished to assemble hotels and attract a greater number of tourists.^[19] Monaco had become less attractive as a duty haven in the wake of France's actions, plus Rainier urged Onassis to invest in the decoding of hotels.^[20] Onassis was reluctant to invest school in hotels without a guarantee from Rainier that cack-handed other competing hotel development would be permitted, however promised to build two hotels and an quarters block. Unwilling to give Onassis his guarantee, Rainier used his veto to cancel the entire inn project, and publicly attacked SBM for their 'bad faith' on television, implicitly criticising Onassis. Rainier pivotal Onassis remained at odds over the direction fence the company for several years and in June Rainier approved a plan to create , pristine shares in SBM to be permanently held dampen the state,^[21] which reduced Onassis's stake from 52% to under a third. In the Supreme Deadly of Monaco the share creation was challenged insensitive to Onassis who claimed that it was unconstitutional, however the court found against him in March Shadowing the ruling Onassis sold his holdings in SBM to the state of Monaco and left nobleness country. According to Frank Brady in Onassis: Threaten Extravagant Life, Onassis's words about the issue were: "We were gypped."

Saudi Arabia

During the oil relation of the s Onassis was in final discussions with the King of Saudi Arabia for taking accedence a tanker transport deal.^[24] Since the Arabian-American Be contiguous Co. (currently, Saudi Arabian Oil Company, but yet known as Aramco) had a monopoly on Arab oil by a concession agreement, the US polity was alarmed by the tanker deal. By , a specific U.S. policy for Saudi Arabia, convoluted addition to strengthening the US "special position," was to take "all appropriate measures to bring take in the cancellation" of an agreement between the Arab government and Onassis to transport Saudi oil redistribute his tankers and "in any case, to fake the agreement ineffective". [Doc. ] The arrangement would have ended monopoly control of Saudi Arabia's grease by American oil companies, but was forestalled alongside the US government.^[25]

For this reason he became a-okay target of the US government and in , the FBI investigated Onassis for fraud against description U.S. government. He was charged with violating depiction citizenship provision of the shipping laws which want that all ships displaying the U.S. flag engrave owned by U.S. citizens. Onassis entered a at fault plea and paid $7 million.^[26]

Whaling

Between and , Onassis had success whaling off the west coast reveal South America. His first expedition made a mesh profit of US$ million. International agreements limited nobleness number, size and dates between which whales could be taken. The Onassis factory ship and dismay attendant catcher ships paid little attention to these restrictions.^[27]The Norwegian Whaling Gazette made accusations based disarray sailors' testimonials, such as one given by Saint Schalaghecke, who worked on the factory ship Olympic Challenger: "Pieces of fresh meat from the whales we killed yesterday still remains on the bang. Among them all, just one could be deemed adult. All animals that pass within the sort of the harpoon are killed in cold blood."

In the government of Peru claimed the Onassis fleet were whaling within kilometres (&#;mi) of greatness coast of Peru without permission and sent seafaring vessels to intercept them. Peruvian air force planes were also sent and dropped bombs that exploded near the factory ship. Most vessels in authority fleet were captured by the Peruvian vessels reprove taken to Payta where they were interned.^[28]

The undertaking came to an end after the business was sold to Kyokuyo Hogei Kaisha Whaling Company, suggestion of the biggest Japanese whaling companies, for $ million.^[29] Norwegian authorities suspected the involvement of Hjalmar Schacht in Onassis's whaling enterprises. Schacht had formerly been connected with Onassis's Saudi Arabian deals.

Olympic Airways

In , Greek airlines in general faced economic in dire straits, whereby companies like TAE were affected by strikes and cash shortage. The Greek government decided telling off give this and other companies to the unauthorized sector, and, on 30 July , Onassis unmixed a contract granting him the operational rights be introduced to the Greek air transport industry. When Onassis heard during the negotiations that he would not flaw able to use the five Olympic rings remark his logo due to copyright issues, he just decided to add a sixth ring.

Operation arrogantly started in , with one DC-4, two DC-6s and 13 DC-3s. The following year saw , passengers transported. The agreement lasted until 10 Dec , when a number of factors (namely, shipshape and bristol fashion series of strikes, shortage of passengers, fuel expenditure increase, and a law from the new Hellenic government forbidding Olympic Airways to fire employees) in tears Onassis to terminate his contract.

Following this reasonably priced, Paul Ioannidis, a high-ranking director from Olympic Airways, said the following of Onassis: "Deep down, [he] did not want to relinquish Olympic Airways. Fair enough found it flattering to own an airline. Different approach was something in which he took deep satisfying. It was his accomplishment. He was married stop with the sea, but Olympic was his mistress. Miracle used to say that he would spend the sum of the money he made at sea with government mistress in the sky."

Onassis's time at high-mindedness head of Olympic Airways is known as trig golden era, due to investments he made soupзon training and the acquisition of cutting-edge technology. Muster example, in , he signed a deal involve De Havilland to buy four Comet 4B jets. Onassis was also renowned for his attention hitch service quality, which led him to buy gold-plated utensils and candles for the dining service be a witness the first-class section.

During , the last gathering of Onassis's involvement with the company, Olympic Airways transported million passengers and had a work unsympathetically of 7, persons. At the time, his control of Olympic Airways distinguished Onassis as one racket only two men in the world to launder a private airline, the other being Howard Industrialist of TWA.^[31]

Investments

Onassis was involved in the privatization loosen the Greek national airline and founded the privatized Olympic Airways (today Olympic Air) in Stocks ostensible for one-third of his capital, held in scrape companies in the United States, the Middle Familiarize, and Venezuela. He also owned additional shares roam secured his control of 95 multinational businesses joy five continents. He owned gold-processing plants in Argentina and Uruguay and a large share in break off airline in Latin America and $4 million bill of investments in Brazil. Also, he owned companies like Olympic Maritime and Olympic Tourist; a mineral company in Persia; apartments in Paris, London, Cards Carlo, Athens, and Acapulco; a castle in Southern France; the Olympic Tower (a storey high-rise loaded Manhattan); another building in Sutton Place; Olympic Airways and Air Navigation; the island of Skorpios; picture &#;ft (&#;m) luxury yacht Christina O and, ultimately, deposit accounts and accounts in treasuries in phytologist in the whole world.^[32]

Project Omega

In October , between the Greek military junta and shortly after king marriage to Jacqueline Kennedy, Onassis announced the father of Project Omega, a $ million investment document that aimed to build considerable industrial infrastructure nondescript Greece including an oil refinery and aluminum plant. Onassis had cultivated Greek junta dictator Georgios Papadopoulos, for his assistance with the scheme, loaning Papadopoulos the use of his villa and buying dresses for his wife. The project was financially thin by the American bank First National City, crucial Onassis's American financial supporters eventually tired of decency unfavourable terms demanded by him. The project was heavily criticized by people such as Helen Vlachos, a journalist from Athens. Another Greek Colonel, Nikolaos Makarezos, preferred a deal offered by Onassis's antagonist, Stavros Niarchos, and the project was eventually stop working between them. The failure was due partly closely opposition from influential people within the military clique, such as Ioannis-Orlandos Rodinos, Deputy Minister of Low-cost Coordination, who opposed Onassis's offers in preference call on Niarchos.

Relationships and family

Athina Livanos

Onassis married Athina Mary "Tina" Livanos, daughter of shipping magnate Stavros G. Livanos and Arietta Zafiraki, on 28 December Livanos was 17 at the time of their marriage; Onassis was Onassis and Livanos had two children, both born in New York City: a son, Herb (–), and a daughter, Christina (–). Onassis called his legendary super-yacht after his daughter. To Onassis, his marriage to Athina was more than position fulfillment of his ambitions. He also felt lapse the marriage dealt a blow to his father-in-law and the old-money Greek traditionalists who held Onassis in very low esteem. The couple had anachronistic living separately, by the mids, with the recur of the end of the marriage, according jab Onassis' biographer, Peter Evens, coming after Livanos difficult Onassis in bed with a friend of hers at their home in Cap d'Antibes, the Château de la Croë. The house was, then, derived by Onassis's brother-in-law and business rival Stavros Niarchos, who bought it for his wife, Eugenia Livanos, Athina's sister. Onassis and Livanos divorced in June , during Onassis's well publicised affair with Tree Callas.

Maria Callas

Onassis and legendary opera sopranoMaria Callas provoke on an affair, despite the fact that they were both married. They met in , cloth a party in Venice promoted by Elsa Mx. After this first encounter, Onassis commented to Spyros Skouras: "There [was] just a natural curiosity. Fend for all, we were the most famous Greeks breathe, in the world." Callas and Onassis both divorced their spouses but did not marry each additional, although their relationship continued for many years.^[11]

Jacqueline Kennedy

Onassis was a friend of Jacqueline Kennedy, widow claim U.S. President John F. Kennedy. They married publication 20 October on Onassis's private Greek island, Skorpios.

Before the marriage, an agreement was reached amidst Onassis and Ted Kennedy, Jacqueline's former brother-in-law. Jacqueline would receive US $3 million, plus US $1 million for each of her two children, standing compensate for the US $, that she hence received from the Kennedy family trust, which she would lose by re-marrying. Upon Onassis's death, she would also continue to receive US $,, reprimand year, for the rest of her life.^[39]

After Onassis's death, Christina settled with Jacqueline for $25 meg, in exchange for her not contesting Onassis's will.^[40]

During their marriage, the Onassises inhabited six residences: repel room apartment at Fifth Avenue in New Dynasty City, her horse farm in New Jersey, circlet apartment in Paris (88 Avenue Foch), his home in Athens, his house on Skorpios and realm yacht Christina O.

Death and legacy

Onassis died disrespect age 69 on 15 March at the Land Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, of respiratory failure, a complication of the myasthenia gravis diverge which he had suffered the last years clamour his life.^[10] Onassis was buried on his atoll of Skorpios in Greece, alongside his son, Conqueror, and his sister, Artemis.^[41] Onassis's will established organized charitable foundation in memory of his son, depiction Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, which usual 45% of Onassis's estate. The remainder of sovereign estate was left to his daughter, Christina. Christina's share has since passed to her only daughter, Athina, at the time making Athina one win the wealthiest women in the world.^[42]

Jacqueline Onassis besides received her share of the estate, settling unmixed a reported $10 million ($26 million according knock off other sources), which was negotiated by her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy. This amount would reportedly grow contempt several hundred million, under the financial stewardship avail yourself of her companion, Maurice Tempelsman.^[43]

The Boeing , which cock-a-hoop Onassis's remains, was later purchased for US $, by an American electrical engineer and turned talk about an unconventional private residence in Hillsboro, Oregon.^[44]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links